Long Non Coding RNA in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Promising Biomarker in Tumorigenesis.

Globally, Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an unsurpassed variant of breast cancer (BC) with a very high fatality rate, and disease burden. Nevertheless, the deficit of diagnostic markers and focused treatment are major hurdles for potent therapeutics. They are also the reason for bad outcomes and causes of a worse prognosis and a high rate of flare up in patients with TNBC diagnosis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are a new class of molecules that have recently gained interest in healthcare management due to their potential as biomarkers for human diseases especially cancers. The growing interest in lncRNA in clinical practice has created an unmet need for developing assays to test lncRNA quickly and accurately for early diagnostics. These lncRNA modulate multiple stages of tumor development, including growth, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastases, by controlling several genes and changing metabolic networks. Highly invasive phenotype and chemo resistance are prominent characteristics of TNBC subtypes that require accurate diagnostic and prognostic instruments involving lncRNA. This review focusses on the evolving purpose and coalition of lncRNAs in TNBC and accentuates their capable effects in diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Moreover, the extensive literature analysis of our review creates an opportunity in the translational application concerning the TNBC lncRNAs described until now. The depiction of lncRNAs enrolled in TNBC is comprehensive, and sufficient substantiation studies are the need of the hour to authenticate the current outcomes and create imminent upcoming of elemental research setting into clinical practice.

Hazard and health risk assessment of exposure to pharmaceutical active compounds via toxicological evaluation by zebrafish.

The uncontrolled or continuous release of effluents from wastewater treatment plants leads to the omnipresence of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in the aquatic media. Today, this is a confirmed problem becoming a main subject of twin public and scientific concerns. However, still little information is available about the long-term impacts of these PhACs on aquatic organisms. In this review, efforts were made to reveal correlation between the occurrence in the environment, ecotoxicological and health risks of different PhACs via toxicological evaluation by zebrafish (Danio rerio). This animal model served as a bioindicator for any health impacts after the exposure to these contaminants and to better understand the responses in relation to human diseases. This review paper focused on the calculation of Risk Quotients (RQs) of 34 PhACs based on environmental and ecotoxicological data available in the literature and prediction from the ECOSAR V2.2 software. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on the risk assessment of PhACs by the two different methods as mentioned above. RQs showed greater difference in potential environmental risks of the PhACs. These differences in risk values underline the importance of environmental and experimental factors in exposure conditions and the interpretation of RQ values. While the results showed high risk to Danio rerio of the majority of PhACs, risk qualification of the others varied between moderate to insignifiant. Further research is needed to assess pharmaceutical hazards when present in wastewater before discharge and monitor the effectiveness of treatment processes. The recent new advances in the morphological assessment of toxicant-exposed zebrafish larvae for the determination of test compounds effects on the developmental endpoints were also discussed. This review emphasizes the need for strict regulations on the release of PhACs into environmental media in order to minimize their toxicity to aquatic organisms.