Comparison of 8-weeks of full versus split body resistance training on appetite and energy intake in non-obese untrained men.

To investigate the effects of 8-weeks of full versus split body resistance training (RT) on appetite and energy intake in non-obese untrained men. The participants were pair-matched based on their initial fat mass and then randomly allocated into one of two treatment groups: Full body (FB, n = 20), in which all muscle groups were trained in every session, or Split body (SB, n = 15), in which upper and lower muscle groups were trained alternated per session; both groups trained in non-consecutive days, three times per week with total number of sets performed equated between groups. Energy intake, body composition, and strength performance were evaluated at pre-training, and after 8-weeks of RT, as well as self-reported hunger, fullness, and desire to eat, that were assessed at fasted and feed states pre- and post-intervention. FB and SB resistance training increased fat-free mass (FFM) (p < 0.001); and FB induced greater maximal strength improvement (p = 0.027). At fasted state self-reported hunger increased, and fullness decreased, while in feed state desire to eat something fatty increased in both groups. Carbohydrate intake (p = 0.011) decreased in both groups. In conclusion, FB and SB training increased orexigenic drive (increasing hunger and decreasing fullness), however, total energy intake and fat mass did not change after 8-weeks of RT in non-obese untrained men.Registered under Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials no. RBR-3wkcvyw.

The impact of acute and chronic resistance training on appetite and energy intake: A scoping review examining resistance exercise and comparisons with other exercise modalities.

PURPOSE: The effects of exercise on appetite have recently been systematically evaluated with a focus on endurance training (ET). However, resistance training (RT) may induce different adaptations than ET. This scoping review aimed to examine the acute and chronic effects of isolated RT and comparisons with other exercise modalities on appetite-related variables and energy intake. RESULTS: 17 acute studies were identified, six examining isolated RT, while 11 focused on RT intensity, amount of exercise, targeted muscle groups, or comparison with ET and combined training (RT plus ET; CT). Nine chronic studies were identified. Three investigated isolated RT vs control and six manipulated the amount of RT exercise, types of RT, or comparison with ET and CT. CONCLUSIONS: Acute RT compared to control conditions appears to induce responses favoring appetite inhibition. While the amount of RT exercise may acutely play a role in the suppression of appetite, while ET seems to have more potential to suppress appetite. Chronic RT does not seem to stimulate compensatory mechanisms; however, there is not clear evidence regarding the role of RT intensity or other exercise modalities. Chronic ET and CT may be more prone to favor appetite inhibition than RT. More comprehensive evaluations including the exploration of multiple appetite-related factors are needed for future studies.

Ten weeks of Capsicum annuum L. extract supplementation did not change adipose tissue-derived hormones, appetite, body composition, and muscle strength when combined with resistance training in healthy untrained men: A clinical trial study.

Capsiate (CAP) is a nonpungent capsaicin analog (Capsicum annuum L. extract) that has been studied as a potential antiobesity agent. However, the interaction between chronic CAP supplementation and resistance training is not clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in adipose tissue-derived hormones, body composition, appetite, and muscle strength after 10 weeks of resistance training, combined with chronic CAP supplementation in healthy untrained men. We hypothesized that CAP could induce higher benefits when combined with resistance training after 10 weeks of intervention compared to resistance training alone. Twenty-four young men (age, 22.0 ± 2.9) were randomized to either capsiate supplementation (CAP = 12 mg/day) or placebo (PL), and both groups were assigned to resistance training. Body composition, leptin and adiponectin concentrations, subjective ratings of appetite, energy intake, and exercise performance were assessed at before and after 10 weeks of progressive resistance training. There was a significant increase in body mass (P < .001), fat-free mass (CAP: 58.0 ± 7.1 vs. post, 59.7 ± 7.1 kg; PL: pre, 58.4 ± 7.3 vs. post, 59.8 ± 7.1 kg; P < .001), resting metabolic rate (CAP: pre, 1782.9 ± 160.6 vs. post, 1796.3 ± 162.0 kcal; PL: pre, 1733.0 ± 148.9 vs. post, 1750.5 ± 149.8 kcal; P < .001), maximal strength at 45 leg press (P < .001) and bench press (P < .001) in both groups, but no significant (P > .05) supplementation by training period interaction nor fat mass was observed. For subjective ratings of appetite, energy intake, leptin, and adiponectin, no significant effect of supplementation by training period interaction was observed (P > .05). In conclusion, 10 weeks of resistance training increased total body weight, muscle mass, and maximum strength in healthy untrained men; however, CAP supplementation (12 mg, 7 days per week) failed to change adipose tissue-derived hormones, appetite, body composition and muscle strength in this population. Registered under Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (RBR-8cz9kfq).

Physical demands in a small-sided soccer game: a comparison between arbitrary and individualized speed and metabolic power thresholds.

BACKGROUND: This study compared the arbitrary and individualized speed and metabolic power (Pmet) intensity thresholds in a small-sided game (SSG) regarding: 1) distance covered; 2) variations of the physical parameters during the SSG; and 3) associations with physical fitness. METHODS: Twenty-four amateur soccer players (age: 20.0±1.7 years; height: 176.4±4.2 cm; body mass: 67.6±3.2 kg), after being tested for maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and maximal sprinting speed (MSS), participated in a SSG in a separate session and were monitored with global positioning systems (GPS). The distance covered was classified into three intensity zones for each variable (speed and Pmet) using arbitrary and individualized zones based on MAS. RESULTS: There were differences in the distance covered between methods in zones 1 and 2 for both speed and Pmet (P<0.001), and in zone 3 only for Pmet (P<0.001). There were no variations in any variable analyzed during the SSG. MAS was positively correlated with the distance covered in zone 3 in the arbitrary speed (r=0.67; P<0.001) and Pmet (r=0.60; P<0.01). MSS was negatively correlated with the distance covered in zone 3 in the individualized speed (r=-0.49; P<0.05) and Pmet (r=-0.48; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that arbitrary and individualized provide different information. While the individualized method could be used to monitor physical demands, the arbitrary could be used to assess running physical performance.

Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on homeostatic and hedonic appetite control and mood states in women presenting premenstrual syndrome across menstrual cycle phases.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on appetite, energy intake, food preferences, and mood states in the luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in women presenting premenstrual syndrome. METHODS: Sixteen women (26.5 ± 5.2 years; 1.63 ± 0.1 m; 64.2 ± 12.8 kg; body mass index 24.0 ± 5.0 kg/m2; body fat 27.6 ± 7.5%) with the eumenorrheic menstrual cycle were submitted to a-tDCS and sham-tDCS conditions over their follicular and luteal phases. At pre - and post-tDCS, hunger and desire to eat something tasty, (analogic visual scale), the profile of mood states (POMS), and the psychological components of food preferences (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire-BR) were assessed. Participants recorded their food intake for the rest of the day using a diary log. RESULTS: There was a trend towards main effect of condition for decreased implicit wanting for low-fat savory food after a-tDCS but not sham-tDCS regardless of menstrual cycle phase (p = 0.062). There was no effect for self-reported hunger, desire to eat, energy and macronutrient intake, and on other components of food preferences (explicit liking and wanting for low- and high-fat savory and sweet foods, implicit wanting for low- and high-fat sweet and high-fat savory food); as well as for mood states. CONCLUSIONS: Although no significant effects of a-tDCS were found, the present investigation provides relevant perspectives for future studies.

Acute Capsaicin Supplementation Improved Resistance Exercise Performance Performed After a High-Intensity Intermittent Running in Resistance-Trained Men.

ABSTRACT: de Freitas, MC, Cholewa, JM, Panissa, VLG, Toloi, GG, Netto, HC, Zanini de Freitas, C, Freire, RV, Lira, FS, and Rossi, FE. Acute capsaicin supplementation improved resistance exercise performance performed after a high-intensity intermittent running in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 130-134, 2022-We sought to investigate the acute effects of capsaicin supplementation on the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate during high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) and resistance exercise performance executed after HIIE in resistance-trained men. Eleven resistance-trained men completed 2 randomized, double-blind trials: capsaicin condition or a placebo condition. The concurrent exercise session was composed of a 5-km intermittent run (1:1 effort and passive recovery ratio) and subsequent resistance exercise (4 × 70% of 1RM until muscle failure in the half-squat exercise). Heart rate was recorded during HIIE and after the protocol RPE (0-10 scale) was accessed. The resistance exercise performance was analyzed by the maximum number of repetitions performed for each set and the total volume (repetitions × weight lifted). During HIIE, the RPE (capsaicin = 7 ± 1 vs. placebo = 8 ± 1 points, t = -3.674, p = 0.005) and mean heart rate (capsaicin = 153 ± 13 vs. placebo = 158 ± 12 bpm, t = -2.292, p = 0.048) were significantly lower in the capsaicin compared with placebo condition. For subsequent resistance exercise, there was a significant decrease in volume across time (F = 19.889, p < 0.001, η2= 0.69) with maximal number of repetitions performed in capsaicin than placebo condition (2,077.6 ± 465.2 kg vs. 1,838.9 ± 624.1 kg, p = 0.028, d = 0.43), but the condition vs. set was not significant (F = 0.582, p = 0.632, η2= 0.06). Acute capsaicin supplementation induced a lower mean heart rate and RPE during HIIE and improved subsequent resistance exercise performance in resistance-trained men.

Home-based training program during the SARS-CoV-2 quarantine: training load, motivation, and wellbeing in professional elite female basketball players.

BACKGROUND: Due to the quarantine caused by the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), professional team-sports adapted their training routine to maintain the athletes' performance and minimize the negative emotional effects. The aim of the present study was to describe a home-based training program and extra-activities applied during the quarantine in elite professional female basketball players, and to compare the internal training load (ITL), session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), motivation, and wellbeing responses before and during the quarantine. METHODS: Nine female elite players (25.7±7.0 years; 180.0±8.0 cm; 79.0±11.0 kg) belonging to a professional basketball team performed a home-based training program during the quarantine. ITL, s-RPE, training motivation, and wellbeing were examined before (phase 1), at the beginning (phase 2), and during (phase 3) the quarantine. RESULTS: ITL was higher (main effect) in phase 1 (449.5±62.8 a.u.) compared to phase 2 (265.5±39.0 a.u.) and phase 3 (423.1±18.7 a.u.); s-RPE was higher in phase 1 (4.50±0.63 a.u.) compared to phase 2 (3.8±0.6 a.u.), but not to phase 3 (4.37±0.79 a.u.). Motivation was higher in phase 1 (3.6±0.3 a.u.) compared to phase 2 (2.3±0.6 a.u.) and phase 3 (2.4±0.5 a.u.). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study demonstrated that extra-activities involving online athletes' socialization were implemented to rouse the motivation, but the quarantine period induced a reduction in ITL and influenced the player's training motivation.

Post-exercise energy intake: do the intensity and mode of exercise matter? A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing high-intensity interval with moderate-intensity continuous protocols.

The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the impact of exercise intensity and mode (high-intensity interval exercise-HIIE or sprint interval exercise-SIE versus moderate-intensity continuous exercise-MICE) on post-exercise ad libitum energy intake. The studies were required to have at least two exercise conditions (HIIE or SIE vs MICE). Overall, 642 manuscripts were initially identified and 17 met the eligibility criteria. The random effect meta-analysis did not reveal differences for absolute energy intake (28 pairwise comparisons) between HIIE (p = 0.54; 95% Confidence Interval - CI: -0.14 to 0.26; 22 pairwise comparisons) or SIE (p = 0.08; 95% CI -0.65 to 0.03; 6 pairwise comparisons) versus MICE, neither for relative energy intake (p = 0.97; 95% CI: -0.35 to 0.10 for HIIE; p = 0.28; 95% CI: -1.03 to 0.06 for SIE) with five and one pairwise comparisons, respectively. Subgroup analyses for methods to evaluate ad libitum energy intake, body mass, sex, volume, and timing of exercise were non-significant. Inspecting each study, two pairwise comparisons reported lower post-exercise absolute energy intake in HIIE compared to control (CRTL), and three pairwise comparisons reported lower absolute energy intake after SIE compared to MICE. None pairwise comparison reported differences between protocols (HIIE or SIE versus MICE) for relative energy intake. In conclusion, the meta-analysis did not show differences between protocols for absolute and relative energy intake; five pairwise comparisons from 28 demonstrated lower absolute energy intake in HIIE or SIE compared to CRTL or MICE. Further studies are needed to address the key relevant variables in which exercise intensity and mode may impact energy intake.

Acute Response to Capsiate Supplementation at Rest and during Exercise on Energy Intake, Appetite, Metabolism, and Autonomic Function: A Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of capsiate supplementation on energy intake, self-reported appetite-related sensations, energy expenditure, fat oxidation, and autonomic parameters with and without an exercise intervention. METHODS: Thirteen healthy men completed four randomized trials: two trials for the control condition (without exercise), one with capsiate supplementation (CTRLcap) and one with a placebo (CTRLpla), and two trials for the exercise condition, one with capsiate supplementation (EXcap) and one with placebo (EXpla). Exercise sessions were performed 150 min after the consumption of a standardized breakfast, and supplementation 115 min after consumption of breakfast. An ad libitum buffet was offered 200 min following the completion of the standardized breakfast, and energy intake (EI) and relative energy intake (REI) (relative energy intake = energy intake - energy expenditure related to exercise) were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant effects on EI, self-reported appetite sensations, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure. REI was reduced in conditions involving EX when compared to CTRL. A low-frequency to high-frequency ratio for heart rate variability was higher in CTRLcap (1.6 ± 1.1) vs. CTRLpla (1.2 ± 0.9) (p = 0.025; d = 0.39). CONCLUSION: Acute capsiate supplementation combined with aerobic exercise has limited effects on the examined variables (EI, REI, fat oxidation, energy expenditure, and autonomic parameters), while changes in the autonomic nervous system function in the absence of exercise may have occurred without influencing other variables. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ensaiosclinicos.gov.br number, RBR-5pckyr https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-5pckyr.

Might High-Intensity Interval Exercise Be Remembered as More Pleasurable? An Attempt to Test the Peak-End Rule in the Exercise Context.

Given humans' limited ability to recall past experiences for evaluation, scholars have proposed the peak-end rule stating that if perceived discomfort at the end of an aversive experience is lower than the peak discomfort experienced, the aversive experience will be remembered more positively. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the peak-end rule as applied to high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Participants were 30 inactive men (M age = 27.9, SD = 5.2 years). In the first session they performed a graded exercise test on cycle-ergometer to determine their maximal aerobic power (MAP) (M = 233, SD = 35W); and, in the second and third sessions, they performed two HIIE protocols in randomized order: (a) Short trial - 20-minutes of HIIE, composed of 30-second efforts at 100% of MAP interspersed by 30-seconds of passive recovery; and (b) Long trial - 20-minutes of the short trial, plus 10-minutes more of HIIE, decreasing 3% of MAP in each additional bout, resulting in 70% of MAP in the last bout. During exercise, we recorded the participants' rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and affect, using the Feeling Scale (FS). At 30-minutes post-exercise, we again recorded the participants' affect, using the Global Affect Evaluation (GAE) and their session-RPE, and we recorded their enjoyment, using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). In the last session, the participants chose a favorite protocol to repeat. All sessions were interspersed by at least 72 hours. The 10-minutes extra HIIE in the Long-trial condition resulted decreased heart rate values (M = 157, SD = 13bpm to M = 144, SD = 14bpm; p < 0.001), but psychological responses during and after exercise did not differ, nor did participants' preferred HIIE protocol. As the load drop for the Long-trial was not enough to change the psychological responses during exercise, there was no difference in the retrospective evaluation as the peak-end rule would have suggested.

Influence of Physical Fitness on Special Judo Fitness Test Performance: A Multiple Linear Regression Analysis.

ABSTRACT: Lopes-Silva, JP, Panissa, VLG, Julio, UF, and Franchini, E. Influence of physical fitness on Special Judo Fitness Test performance: a multiple linear regression analysis. J Strength Cond Res 35(6): 1732-1738, 2021-The purpose of this study was to identify the physical fitness variables that best predict Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) performance. Thirty-five male experienced judo athletes took part in this study. All athletes performed 5 tests: upper- and lower-body cycle ergometer graded exercise tests; upper- and lower-body Wingate tests; and SJFT. The peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak), maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximum aerobic power, and the variables corresponding to onset blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) were determined during the graded exercise tests. For the Wingate tests, peak power (PP) and mean power were used. Furthermore, the total number of throws, heart rate (HR) immediately and 1 minute after, and SJFT index were calculated. Four separated forward multiple linear regressions (forward model) were used to identify the physical fitness variables that best explained the SJFT variables. Upper-body V̇o2peak (ml·min-1·kg-1) explained 27% of variance in the total number of throws, whereas an additional 7% was explained by upper-body PP. Upper-body HRmax explained 46% of the variance in the HR immediately after the SJFT, whereas lower-body HR at OBLA accounted for an additional 8%. Lower-body HRmax explained 21% of the variance in the HR 1 minute after the SJFT, whereas peak lactate ([La-]peak) after the lower-body graded exercise test accounted for an additional 12%. Upper-body V̇o2peak (ml·min-1·kg-1) alone accounted for 15% of the variance in the SJFT index. Based on these results, the data suggest that physical fitness variables, derived from upper- and lower-body aerobic and anaerobic tests, have a small ability to predict the SJFT variables.

Assessment of aerobic fitness in individuals with and without nonspecific chronic low back pain: a pilot study.

Aerobic fitness assessment in patients with low back pain (LBP) may help clinicians to plan how to progress the aerobic training. This was a pilot study designed to evaluate the performance of people with LBP on two different aerobic fitness tests performed on a treadmill and to compare the measure of aerobic fitness between people with LBP and healthy individuals. Ten people with LBP and 10 healthy individuals underwent two aerobic fitness protocols, the modified Bruce and maximum incremental test protocols, performed on a treadmill. Data collected during the protocols were: oxygen consumption, heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration, respiratory quotient, rating of perceived exertion response, and pain intensity. Independent t-test and two-way analysis of variance were used respectively to assess difference between groups characteristics and physiological responses to the protocols. Our results showed that both groups were similar with regards to age (P = 0.839) or HRrest (P = 0.730) but the LBP group showed higher BMI compared to the healthy group (P = 0.031). Regarding the performance of both groups on the aerobic fitness tests, the only significant difference was reported for respiratory quotient which showed a main effect of test (P = 0.015) with higher values favoring the modified Bruce over the incremental test. Our study showed that most people with LBP are able to perform and tolerate both aerobic fitness tests but no significant differences between people with LBP and healthy individuals on both protocols were reported.

Magnitude and duration of excess of post-exercise oxygen consumption between high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous exercise: A systematic review.

The present systematic review examined the effect of exercise intensity (high-intensity interval exercise [HIIE] vs. moderate-intensity continuous exercise [MICE] vs. sprint interval exercise [SIE]) on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). Twenty-two studies were included in the final evaluation. The retrieved investigations were split into studies that analysed short-duration (until 3 h) and long-duration (more than 3 h) EPOC. Studies that subtracted the baseline energy expenditure (EE) were analysed separately from those that did not. Most short-duration evaluations that subtracted baseline EE reported higher EPOC for HIIE (average of ~136 kJ) compared with MICE (average of ~101 kJ) and higher values for SIE (average of ~241 kJ) compared with MICE (average of ~151 kJ). The long-duration evaluations resulted in greater EPOC for HIIE (average of ~289 kJ) compared with MICE (average of ~159 kJ), while no studies comparing SIE versus MICE provided appropriate values. EE from EPOC seems to be greater following HIIE and SIE compared with MICE, and long-duration evaluations seem to present higher values than short-duration evaluations. Additionally, more standardized methodologies are needed in order to determine the effective EPOC time following these protocols.

Capsaicin Supplementation during High-intensity Continuous Exercise: A Double-blind Study.

To investigate the effect of acute capsaicin (CAP) supplementation on time to exhaustion, physiological responses and energy systems contribution during continuous high-intensity exercise session in runners. Fifteen recreationally-trained runners completed two randomized, double-blind continuous high-intensity exercises at the speed eliciting 90% V̇O2peak (90% s V̇O2peak), 45 minutes after consuming capsaicin or an isocaloric placebo. Time to exhaustion, blood lactate concentration, oxygen consumption during and 20-min post-exercise, energy systems contribution, time to reach V̇O2peak, heart rate and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were evaluated. There was no significant difference between conditions for time to reach V̇O2peak (CAP:391.71±221.8 vs. PLA:298.20±174.5 sec, ES:0.58, p=0.872), peak lactate (CAP:7.98±2.11 vs. PLA:8.58±2.15 µmol, ES:-0.28, p=0.257), time to exhaustion (CAP:654.28±195.44 vs. PLA:709.20±208.44 sec, ES:-0.28, p=0.462, end-of-exercise heart rate (CAP:177.6±14.9 vs. PLA:177.5±17.9 bpm, ES:-0.10, p=0.979) and end-of-exercise RPE (CAP: 19±0.8 vs. PLA: 18±2.4, ES: 0.89, p=0.623). In conclusion, acute CAP supplementation did not increase time to exhaustion during high-intensity continuous exercise nor alter physiological responses in runners.

Acute Capsaicin Analog Supplementation Improves 400 M and 3000 M Running Time-Trial Performance.

OBJECTIVES: Performance in running-based sport depends on the ability to perform repetitive high intensity muscle contractions. Previous studies have shown that capsaicin analog (CAP) (i.e. Capsiate) supplementation may improve this performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of CAP supplementation on short (400 m) and middle distance (3000 m) running time-trial performance, maximum heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). METHODS: Twelve physically active men completed four randomized, double-blind trials: CAP condition (12 mg) or a placebo condition. Forty-five minutes after supplementation, the participants performed a 400- or 3000-meter running time trial. Time (in seconds) was recorded. HR was analyzed at rest and immediately post-exercise, and RPE was collected immediately after exercise. RESULTS: For both the 400 m time-trial (CAP = 66.4 + 4.2 sec vs Placebo = 67.1 + 4.8 sec, p = 0.046) and the 3000 m time-trial (CAP = 893.9 ± 46.8 sec vs Placebo = 915.2 ± 67.6 sec, p = 0.015), the time in seconds was significantly less in the CAP compared to placebo conditions. There were no statistically significant differences for HR and RPE in any condition. CONCLUSION: In summary, acute CAP supplementation improved 400 m and 3000 m running time-trial performance in a distance-dependent way but without modifying the HR and RPE.

The acute effects of thermogenic fitness drink formulas containing 140 mg and 100 mg of caffeine on energy expenditure and fat metabolism at rest and during exercise.

BACKGROUND: Thermogenic fitness drink formulas (TFD) have been shown to increase energy expenditure and markers of lipid metabolism. The purpose of the current study was to compare TFD formulas containing different caffeine concentrations versus a placebo drink on energy expenditure and lipid metabolism at rest and during exercise. METHODS: Thirty-two recreationally active participants (22.9 ± 0.7 y, 167.1 ± 1.4 cm, 68.8 ± 2.0 kg, 24.0 ± 1.2% fat) who were regular caffeine consumers, participated in this randomized, double-blind, crossover design study. Participants reported to the laboratory on three occasions, each of which required consumption of either a TFD containing 140 mg or 100 mg of caffeine or a placebo. Baseline measurements of resting energy expenditure (REE) and resting fat oxidation (RFO) were assessed using indirect calorimetry as well as measurements of serum glycerol concentration. Measurements were repeated at 30, 60, 90 min post-ingestion. Following resting measures, participants completed a graded exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and the exercise intensity that elicits MFO (Fatmax), and total energy expenditure (EE). RESULTS: A significant interaction was shown for REE (p < 0.01) and RFO (p < 0.01). Area under the curve analysis showed an increased REE for the 140 mg compared to the 100 mg formula (p = 0.02) and placebo (p < 0.01) and an increased REE for the 100 mg formula compared to placebo (p = 0.02). RFO significantly decreased for caffeinated formulas at 30 min post ingestion compared to placebo and baseline (p < 0.01) and significantly increased for the 140 mg formula at 60 min post-ingestion (p = 0.03). A main effect was shown for serum glycerol concentrations over time (p < 0.01). No significant differences were shown for V̇O2max (p = 0.12), Fatmax (p = 0.22), and MFO (p = 0.05), and EE (p = 0.08) across drinks. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that TFD formulas containing 100 and 140 mg of caffeine are effective in increasing REE and that a 40 mg of caffeine difference between the tested formulas may impact REE and RFO in healthy individuals within 60 min of ingestion.

Postactivation potentiation attenuates resistance exercise performance decrements following aerobic exercise in trained men.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate if a post-activation potentiation (PAP) protocol may attenuate the acute interference induced by high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) and on subsequent strength exercise performance in recreationally trained men. METHODS: Eleven resistance-trained men (age: 25.7±3.7 y) randomly completed three experimental trials: strength exercise (SE) only (4 sets of maximal number of repetitions at 70% on the 45º leg press); concurrent exercise (CE) comprised 5000-m of HIIE at maximal aerobic speed (1:1 effort and pause ratio) followed by SE protocol; CE with post-activation potentiation (CE-PAP), comprised the same CE protocol preceded by one set of 2 repetitions at 90% of 1RM on the 45° leg-press before strength exercise. The number of repetitions performed was recorded for each set and total weight lifted was calculated. RESULTS: The CE condition induced a greater decrement in volume for the leg press compared to SE and CE-PAP in sets 1 (24±21%; 18±25%), 2 (20±21%; 22±22%), and 3 (19±20%; 25±15%), respectively. Total weight lifted was greater after SE (8,795±2,581 kg) and CE-PAP (8.809±2.655 kg) conditions compared to CE (7.049±2.822 kg) (SE vs. CE: P=0.020) and (CE-PAP vs. CE: P=0.010) but there was no significant difference between SE and CE-PAP (P=1.00). CONCLUSIONS: PAP using a heavy load attenuated acute interference (total volume during lower-body strength) generated by HIIE protocol, but did not enhance volume compared to SE alone.

Alterations in energy system contribution following upper body sprint interval training.

PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study was to examine the influence of different work-to-rest ratios on relative energy system utilization during short-term upper-body sprint interval training (SIT) protocols. METHODS: Forty-two recreationally trained men were randomized into one of three training groups [10 s work bouts with 2 min of rest (10:2, n = 11) or 4 min of rest (10:4, n = 11), or 30 s work bouts with 4 min of rest (30:4, n = 10)] or a control group (CON, n = 10). Participants underwent six training sessions over 2 weeks with 4-6 'all-out' sprints. Participants completed an upper body Wingate test (30 s 'all-out' using 0.05 kg kg-1 of the participant's body mass) pre- and post-intervention from which oxygen consumption and blood lactate were used to estimate oxidative, glycolytic, and adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) energy system provisions. An analysis of covariance was performed on all testing measurements collected at post with the associated pre-values used as covariates. RESULTS: Relative energy contribution (p = 0.026) and energy expenditure (p = 0.019) of the ATP-PCr energy system were greater in 10:4 (49.9%; 62.1 kJ) compared to CON (43.1%; 47.2 kJ) post training. No significant differences were found between groups in glycolytic or oxidative energy contribution over a 30 s upper body Wingate test. CONCLUSION: SIT protocols with smaller work-to-rest ratios may enhance ATP-PCr utilization in a 30 s upper body Wingate over a 2-week intervention.

Hunger is suppressed after resistance exercise with moderate-load compared to high-load resistance exercise: the potential influence of metabolic and autonomic parameters.

The purpose of present study was to compare the effects of moderate-load versus high-load resistance exercise (RE) on hunger response, blood lactate, glucose, and autonomic modulation in trained men, and to examine the correlations between these parameters. For this, 11 recreationally resistance-trained males performed 2 randomized trials: moderate-load (6 sets at 70% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and a 90-s rest interval between sets) and high-load (6 sets at 90% 1RM and a 180-s rest interval between sets) leg-press exercise until movement failure. The subjective rating of hunger was obtained through a visual analog scale. Glucose and lactate concentration were evaluated at rest, immediately after exercise, and 30 min after exercise. Heart rate variability was recorded at baseline and during recovery (until 30 min after exercise) to assess autonomic modulation. The moderate-load condition induced lower subjective hunger ratings than the strength condition immediately after exercise (19.7 ± 16.6 vs 47.3 ± 27.7 mm), 30 min after exercise (33.6 ± 22.9 vs 58.5 ± 29.9 mm), and 60 min after exercise (43.8 ± 26.6 vs 67.8 ± 27.9 mm) (p < 0.05) and lower area under the curve hunger in relation to the high-load condition (p < 0.006). Moderate-load RE presented greater lactate concentration and induced slower heart rate variability recovery in relation to high-load RE (p < 0.05), but no difference was found in glucose, as well as no correlations between any of the variables investigated. In conclusion, moderate-load RE induced lower subjective hunger ratings, slower recovery of the parasympathetic nervous system, and higher lactate concentration in relation to high-load RE, but the metabolic variables were not correlated with hunger suppression.

Use of the anaerobic speed reserve to normalize the prescription of high-intensity interval exercise intensity.

The aim of this study was to compare the perceptual and physiological responses and time-to-exhaustion in high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocols that are prescribed based on the relative anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) or maximal aerobic speed (MAS) in athletes with different ASR values, as well as the coefficient of variation (CV) of the abovementioned variables. Eleven long-distance runners and ten rugby players were submitted to five experimental sessions on different days; the first and second session were intended for the determination of the anthropometry, MAS and maximal sprint (MSS). In the subsequent sessions, three HIIE15:15s protocols were performed until exhaustion (110%MAS, Δ25%ASR, and Δ50%ASR) in random order. The anthropometric characteristics and variables obtained from the MAS and MSS tests in the different groups were compared by Student's unpaired t-test. The analysis of mixed models for repeated measures (groups and protocols) was used to compare the speed, delta blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and time-to-exhaustion. Rugby players presented higher ASR (13.6 ± 0.9 km h-1) compared to long-distance runners (12.6 ± 0.9 km h-1) (P = .049). For the HIIE15:15s protocols, there were no protocol and group interaction effects. However, lower CV values were observed for time-to-exhaustion (a mean reduction of 52%) and delta blood lactate (a mean reduction of 48%) in Δ25%ASR and Δ50%ASR when compared to 110%MAS. Furthermore, the rating of perceived exertion CV was similar in all HIIE15:15s protocols. The prescription of intensity of HIIE based on the ASR was able to reduce the inter-subject variability of lactate and time-to-exhaustion in rugby players and long-distance runners.