Method validation, residue behaviour and dietary risk assessment of insecticides (cyantraniliprole, acetamiprid, flubendiamide and its metabolite, des-iodo flubendiamide) in or on broccoli using LC-MS/MS.

Residue behaviour and dietary risk assessment of cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide and acetamiprid in broccoli were carried out using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) technique coupled with LC-MS/MS. The QuEChERS technique was validated on parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, matrix effects, limit of quantification (LOQ), specificity, retention time and ion ratio as per SANTE (Directorate General for Health and Food Safety) guidelines to attest to the specificity, accuracy and precision of the analytical method in estimating insecticide residues in and on broccoli heads and cropped soil. The LOQ of the method for all three insecticides was 0.01 mg/kg. The initial deposits of cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide and acetamiprid reduced to half of its concentration in 1.873-2.354, 1.975-2.484 and 1.371-1.620 days, respectively. No residues were detected in broccoli-cropped soil at harvest time (30 days after last spray). The proposed maximum residue limits (MRLs) of 1.5, 0.5-0.9 and 2.0-3 mg/kg for cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide and acetamiprid were calculated using the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development MRL calculator. The acute and chronic dietary risk assessment of the tested insecticides identified no appreciable dietary risk to the Indian population from the consumption of broccoli heads. The findings of no dietary risk highlight the importance of informed pesticide usage in broccoli and the proposed MRL derived from this study offers crucial guidelines for the regulatory authorities, ensuring the safety of broccoli consumption.

Residue behavior and consumer risk assessment of spirotetramat and chlorpyrifos on cabbage heads and cropped soil.

A field experiment following good agricultural practices was laid out to study the dissipation of spirotetramat (90 g a.i. ha-1 and 180 g a.i. ha-1) and chlorpyrifos (400 g a.i. ha-1 and 800 g a.i. ha-1) on cabbage heads and soil. Samples were processed using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for residue estimation of spirotetramat and chlorpyrifos, which were further detected using HPLC-PDA and GC-FPD respectively. The residues of spirotetramat on cabbage heads reached below detection limit (BDL) (< 0.05 mg kg-1) on 7th and 10th day and for chlorpyrifos, BDL (< 0.01 mg kg-1) was achieved on 10th and 15th day for X and 2X dose, respectively. On 20th day after second spray, residues in soil were found to be BDL for both the pesticides. Half-life of spirotetramat and chlorpyrifos was found to be 3 and 2 days, respectively while a safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 9 days for spirotetramat and 10 days for chlorpyrifos is suggested on cabbage. The dietary risk assessment studies for various age groups of Indian population, ascertained safety of treated cabbage heads for consumption, as current study revealed that hazard quotient (HQ) < 1 and theoretical maximum dietary intake (TMDI) < maximum permissible intake (MPI) for both the pesticides at respective PHI.

Residue behaviour and health risk assessment of chlorpyrifos and mancozeb in apple fruits and soil.

Mancozeb residue estimation was done using second derivative ultraviolet spectroscopy by Shimadzu ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, and chlorpyrifos was estimated by QuEChERS technique using GC-FPD. The persistence for chlorpyrifos was carried out at two locations, and for mancozeb, persistence studies were carried out at four locations. Initial deposits of mancozeb on apple fruits ranged from 1.33 to 1.63 mg/kg at the recommended dose and from 2.55 to 3.26 mg/kg at double the recommended dose at all four locations. Chlorpyrifos residues in apple fruits had an initial deposit of 0.94-0.99 mg/kg at recommended dose and 1.75-1.92 mg/kg at double the recommended dose. Mancozeb residues in apple fruit were below the detection limit (BDL) after 20 days at recommended dose and after 25 days at double the recommended dose at two locations, while mancozeb residue at the other two locations and the residues of chlorpyrifos at all locations reached BDL after 15 and 20 days at recommended and double the recommended doses, respectively. Half-life of mancozeb varied from 3.07 to 4.02 days at recommended dose and from 3.30 to 4.32 days at double the recommended dose, whereas chlorpyrifos residues dissipated to half their initial concentration on 2.33-2.35 days at recommended dose and 2.89-2.90 days at double the recommended dose. The soil samples showed no presence of residues of chlorpyrifos and mancozeb at harvest. The risk assessment revealed that hazard quotient for the intake of mancozeb was in the range of 0.06-0.13% and 0.20-0.44% for rural and urban population, while for the intake of chlorpyrifos, hazard quotient was in the range of 0.10-0.12% for rural population and 0.33-0.38% for urban population, and theoretical maximum dietary intake (9.67 × 10-5 mg/person and 3.18 × 10-4 mg/person for rural population and urban population in case of mancozeb and 3.22 × 10-5 mg/person and 1.06 × 10-4 mg/person for rural population and urban population in case of chlorpyrifos) was also found to be less than maximum permissible intake (1.38 mg/kg for mancozeb and 0.60 mg/kg for chlorpyrifos). The results of risk assessment thereby indicated that apple consumption does not pose a risk to human health.

Understanding the role of radiologists in complex treatment decisions for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver and represents a significant global health burden. Management of HCC can be challenging due to multiple factors, including variable expectations for treatment outcomes. Several treatment options are available, each with specific eligibility and ineligibility criteria, and are provided by a multidisciplinary team of specialists. Radiologists should be aware of the types of treatment options available, as well as the criteria guiding the development of individualized treatment plans. This awareness enables radiologists to contribute effectively to patient-centered multidisciplinary tumor boards for HCC and play a central role in reassessing care plans when the treatment response is deemed inadequate. This comprehensive review aims to equip radiologists with an overview of HCC staging systems, treatment options, and eligibility criteria. The review also discusses the significance of imaging in HCC diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring treatment response. Furthermore, we highlight the crucial branch points in the treatment decision-making process that depend on radiological interpretation.

Genomic and Molecular Perspectives of Host-pathogen Interaction and Resistance Strategies against White Rust in Oilseed Mustard.

Oilseed brassicas stand as the second most valuable source of vegetable oil and the third most traded one across the globe. However, the yield can be severely affected by infections caused by phytopathogens. White rust is a major oomycete disease of oilseed brassicas resulting in up to 60% yield loss globally. So far, success in the development of oomycete resistant Brassicas through conventional breeding has been limited. Hence, there is an imperative need to blend conventional and frontier biotechnological means to breed for improved crop protection and yield. This review provides a deep insight into the white rust disease and explains the oomycete-plant molecular events with special reference to Albugo candida describing the role of effector molecules, A. candida secretome, and disease response mechanism along with nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) signaling. Based on these facts, we further discussed the recent progress and future scopes of genomic approaches to transfer white rust resistance in the susceptible varieties of oilseed brassicas, while elucidating the role of resistance and susceptibility genes. Novel genomic technologies have been widely used in crop sustainability by deploying resistance in the host. Enrichment of NLR repertoire, over-expression of R genes, silencing of avirulent and disease susceptibility genes through RNA interference and CRSPR-Cas are technologies which have been successfully applied against pathogen-resistance mechanism. The article provides new insight into Albugo and Brassica genomics which could be useful for producing high yielding and WR resistant oilseed cultivars across the globe.

Implantless patellar fixation in medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) acts as primary restraint to lateral patellar dislocation and its rupture has been reported in almost all cases of acute patellar dislocation. Various surgical techniques have been described for MPFL reconstruction, using many femoral and patellar fixation techniques and different grafts. This article details our technique for MPFL reconstruction using semitendinosus graft which avoids the use of implant at patellar end.@*METHODS@#Twenty patients (8 males and 12 females) with complaints regarding acute and chronic lateral patellar instability were evaluated and treated by MPFL reconstruction procedure. The mean age of patients was 21 years (range 17-34 years). MPFL reconstruction was performed using semitendinosus graft passing through two parallel, obliquely directed tunnels created in patella. Fixation of graft was done with an interference screw only at the femoral end. Mean follow-up period after intervention was 26.4 months (range 23-30 months). Results were evaluated using Kujala score.@*RESULTS@#All patients gained adequate patellar stability and full arc of motion. No incidence of patella fracture was noted. There were no postoperative complications related to the procedure. There was no recurrence of instability in patella at final follow-up.@*CONCLUSION@#Passing the graft through the tunnels in patella without use of any implant has given excellent functional outcome and moreover has the advantages of less implant-related complications and cost-effectiveness.

Arteriovenous Fistula of the Filum Terminale Misdiagnosed and Previously Operated as Lower Lumbar Degenerative Disease

Filum terminale arteriovenous fistula (FTAVF) presenting as a cause of failed back surgery syndrome is a rare entity. We report a 48-year-old male patient who presented with clinical features of a conus medullaris/cauda equina lesion. He had upper and lower motor neuron signs in both the lower limbs with autonomic dysfunction. The patient was misdiagnosed and was operated twice earlier for lumbar canal stenosis and disc prolapse. After reviewing his clinical and radiological findings a diagnosis of FTAVF was made. He underwent surgery and there was a significant improvement in his neurological functions. We discuss the case and review the literature on FTAVF's.

Traumatic posterior hip dislocation in a 16-month-old child: a case report and review of literature / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Traumatic posterior hip dislocation is an uncommon injury in children, constituting less than 5% of paediatric dislocations. In a younger child (less than 5 years), minor trauma such as a slip or fall from a low height may cause a hip dislocation, whereas in an adolescent a dislocation is usually caused by a major trauma such as motor vehicle accident. In this case report we present a rare case of traumatic hip dislocation in a 16-month-old girl. Early detection and closed reduction ensured good outcome in our case. A high index of suspicion is necessary to achieve satisfactory reduction within six hours of dislocation because reduction after this period will greatly increase the risk of complications.