The effect of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) group inclusion in p-cyanophenyl end-capped oligothiophene used as a dopant in P3HT:PCBM BHJ solar cells.

In this work, two p-cyanophenyl end-capped oligothiophenes, and , were compared as dopants in the P3HT:PC60BM bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layer of inverted organic solar cells. Inclusion of significantly increased the average efficiency of the solar cells, while the increase using doping in the cell efficiency was minor. In the BHJ photoactive layer, the dopant molecules are close to and interact with P3HT and PC60BM molecules. Intra- and intermolecular interactions of the dopant molecules with P3HT and PC60BM were studied in chloroform solutions. Energy or electron transfer from the dopant molecules to PC60BM takes place as the fluorescence emission intensity and lifetime of the dopant molecules decreased in the presence of PC60BM. In the case of doping with , doped cells had higher absorbance than the non-doped reference cell and doping broadens the cell absorption to the near IR-region. Thus, the dopant molecules act as additional light absorbers in the photoactive layer and transfer energy or electrons to PC60BM, which increases the short circuit current and power conversion efficiency of the cell. Also, the emission of the cells doped with decreased when compared to that of the reference cell. In this case, P3HT can give electrons or energy to dopant molecules and the cell current and efficiency are further increased.

[The clinical essence of the term "the initial manifestations of cerebral circulatory insufficiency"]. / Klinicheskaia sushchnost' termina "nachal'nye proiavleniia nedostatochnosti krovosnabzheniia mozga".

The clinical meaning of the "initial manifestations of cerebrovascular insufficiency" term (IMCI) is discussed. The IMCI term is interpreted either as the establishment of cerebrovascular insufficiency or of the clinical phase that precedes discircular encephalopathy (DE) development. The author suggested on the basis of 873 cases that the intermediate stage may exist between IMCI and DE. So the idea of "pre-encephalopathic cerebral discirculations" (PCD) or simply "cerebral discirculations" was proposed as the clinical form including all the conditions before DE development. IMCI was described as initial stage of DE. Taking into consideration clinical peculiarities, duration and frequency three variations of cerebrovascular insufficiency debut are recognized. Such approach to IMCI problem is supposed to make it more unambiguous and more directed to cerebrovascular insufficiency study which is important both for early diagnosis of such diseases and for active prophylaxis of their unfavourable course.

[Cloning, determination of primary structure, and expression of the C-terminal segment of human cholesterol-esterase/lipase, containing the antigenic determinant of the protein, in Escherichia coli]. / Klonirovanie, opredelenie pervichnoi struktury i ékspressiia v Excherichia coli C-kontsevogo uchastka chelovecheskoi kholesterol-ésterazy/lipazy, soderzhashchego antigennuiu determinantu belka.

Clone pHICE0.9 was selected from human insulinoma cDNA library by immunoscreening with antibodies against total human insulinoma proteins. This clone contains a 0.9 kb cDNA insert and expresses a fusion protein with beta-galactosidase. Nucleotide sequences of 5'- and 3'-terminal regions of this cDNA insert show that clone pHICE0.9 expresses a protein which is identical to the C-terminal fragment (amino acids 483 to 745) of human pancreatic cholesterol esterase and Homo sapiens bile-acid-salt-stimulated lipase from milk. It is concluded that the protein fragment contains the antigenic determinant of human cholesterol esterase/lipase, and can be used for lipase determination in blood.

[Study on structural gene expression in human insulinoma]. / Isslenovanie strukturnykh genov, ékspressiruiushchikhsia v insulinome cheloveka.

A human insulinoma cDNA library was constructed in the expression plasmid vector pUEX1. The clone pUEX1Ins12 was selected by means of hybridization with an insulin probe. It codes for full size amino acid sequence preproinsulin. The bacterial strain pUEX3Ins8 producing proinsulin as beta-galactosidase fusion protein was obtained for the use of recombinant protein as an antigen in an ELISA to detect serum antibodies in subjects with IDDM. Recombinant clones containing the middle, N- and C-terminal domains of the GAD65, the major autoantigen in IDDM, were constructed in pVEX1. These clones may become important tools to study the nature of GAD autoreactivity in IDDM. The clone pHICEO.9 was selected from the human insulinoma cDNA library by immunoscreening with total human insulinoma protein antibodies. This clone expresses the C-terminal fragment of human cholesterol esterase/lipase containing its antigenic determinant and can be used for blood lipase determination. Four clones containing cDNA inserts (0.47-1.42 kb) without any significant homologies to the known sequences in the Gene Bank were obtained by means of statistic selection.

[Syndromology and differential treatment of secondary cochleovestibulitis in patients with early clinical forms of cerebral circulatory insufficiency]. / Sindromologiia i differentsirovannoe lechenie vtorichnogo kokhleovestibulita u bol'nykh s rannimi klinicheskimi formami nedostatochnosti krovosnabzheniia mozga.

Altogether 136 patients with cochleovestibulitis and early clinical forms of cerebral circulation insufficiency were examined. Two types of syndrome were identified that were associated with the pathogenetic development: vascular and metabolic. Different diagnostic criteria and therapeutic approaches as applied to each type of syndrome were developed.

[The genesis of early clinical forms of cerebral circulatory failure and the effectiveness of different courses of therapeutic measures]. / Genez rannikh klinicheskikh form nedostatochnosti mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia i éffektivnost' terapevticheskikh meropriiatii razlichnoi napravlennosti.

The authors have examined 214 patients with early clinical forms of cerebral circulation insufficiency. It has been established that discirculatory encephalopathy (DE) may be formed in two ways. One way is angiogenic and it leads to DE through a stage of initial manifestations of cerebral circulation insufficiency (IMCCI), the other way is related to the neurovascular nature of the disease (vegetovascular dystonia) and may lead to DE, bypassing the stage of IMCCI. It is concluded that therapy with vasoactive drugs is the basic therapy for patients with an angiogenic origin of the disease whereas in patients with a neurovascular genesis of the disease the basic approach is the administration of metabolism-correcting drugs.

[Syndromology and potential differentiated therapy in the early clinical forms of cerebral circulatory insufficiency]. / Sindromologiia i vozmozhnosti differentsirovannoi terapii pri rannikh klinicheskikh formakh nedostatochnosti krovoobrashcheniia mozga.

The author has analyzed the findings of the examination of young and middle-aged patients (n = 425) with early clinical forms of cerebral circulatory insufficiency (ECFCCI) including initial manifestations of cerebral circulatory insufficiency and circulatory-disorder Stage I encephalopathy. Five syndromological variants of ECFCCI have been outlined on the basis of the patients' complaints and history, as well as objective minor symptomatology and the results of supplementary investigations. Each variant has its own pathogenetic basis. On the basis of the experience gained in the treatment of the patients examined, recommendations are provided on the differential selection of therapy in relation to a given syndromological variant of ECFCCI.

[Electroneuromyographic characteristics of the initial manifestations of cerebral circulatory insufficiency]. / Elektroneiromiograficheskaia kharakteristika nachal'nykh proiavlenii nedostatochnosti mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniia.

A clinico-electroneuromyographic examination covered 50 patients with initial manifestations of cerebral circulation insufficiency. The results are compared with the electroneuromyographic characteristics of discirculatory encephalopathy (20 patients), transient disorders of the cerebral circulation (28 patients) and ischemic strokes (30 patients). The parameter of "the sum of maximum amplitudes of M-responses" in the musculi manus and musculi pedis upon stimulation of the median, ulnar, tibial and fibular nerves at both sides developed by the authors was found to be diagnostically effective. This parameter proved to be significantly decreased in all cases of initial manifestations of cerebral circulation insufficiency. With increasing severity of cerebral circulation insufficiency in ischemic stroke the parameter reduced to the minimal values in a step-wise manner.