Efficacy and safety evaluation of alcohol-containing and alcohol-free mouth rinses: A clinicocytological study.

CONTEXT: Whether the alcohol-based mouth rinses are as good as nonalcoholic mouth rinses as far as oral mucosal safety is concerned? AIMS: The aim of the study was to investigate the oral mucosal safety of widely used alcohol- and nonalcohol-based mouth rinses at their recommended doses. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The clinical and cytological investigations were carried out by enrolling 120 systemically healthy volunteers fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The volunteers were subjected to a repeated mouth rinse for 60 days to either alcohol-based or alcohol-free mouth rinses at their recommended dosages. A comparative analysis for any clinical adverse response on the oral mucosa and efficacy, i.e., reduction of plaque and gingival index was done at the terminal of the exposure. The studies were also carried out to investigate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potential of alcohol-based and alcohol-free mouth rinses in the exposed mucosal cells. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The data have been presented in comparative account between alcohol-based and alcohol-free mouth rinses in the volunteers at day 0 and day 60. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potential of prescribed doses of alcohol- and alcohol-free mouth rinses have also been evaluated using tetrazolium bromide salt 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, neutral red uptake, and trypan blue dye, micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations. RESULTS: The study findings reveal no statistically as well as biologically significant adverse responses of both alcohol-based and alcohol-free mouth rinses at clinical and cytological level. CONCLUSIONS: Under cytological observation, repeated dose exposure up to 60 days of the mouth rinses (alcohol-based and alcohol-free) used in the study was found to be effective and safe at their prescribed dosages.

Comparative in vitro SEM study of a novel root canal irrigant-MTAD and conventional root biomodifiers on periodontally involved human teeth.

BACKGROUND: Smear layer removal and collagen fiber exposure may improve regeneration which can be accomplished by use of root biomodifiers. These enhance the degree of connective tissue attachment to denuded roots. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare novel root canal irrigant and other root biomodifiers for smear layer removal on periodontally involved human teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty human teeth were collected and stored in saline. After scaling and root planing, two samples were obtained from each tooth. Thus, a total of 80 dentin blocks were randomly divided into four groups: Mixture of tetracycline, acid and detergent (MTAD), tetracycline hydrochloride (TTC HCl), citric acid (CA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The agents were applied for 3 min by active burnishing. Immediately following treatment, the specimens were rinsed, dehydrated, fixed and prepared for scanning electron microscope and were examined at × 3500 magnification. Sampaio's index was evaluated by the previously trained blind examiner using photomicrographs. Groups were compared using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. RESULTS: Mixture of tetracycline, acid, and detergent is most efficacious in removing the smear layer and showed statistically significant dentinal tubules opening, followed by EDTA, TTC HCl, and CA. CONCLUSION: Mixture of tetracycline, acid and detergent and conventional root biomodifiers used in the study alters the dentin surface by smear layer removal and exposure of dentinal tubules. Hence, MTAD as a root biomodifier may have a significant role in periodontal regeneration.

Adhesion and biologic behavior of human periodontal fibroblast cells to resin ionomer Geristore: a comparative analysis.

AIM: The resin ionomer Geristore, originally designed for restorative procedures, has been used extensively in treating subgingival defects (such as root resorption and perforations) and as a retrofilling material. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cell adhesion as well as in vitro biocompatibility of human periodontal fibroblast cells with resin ionomer Geristore in comparison with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and glass ionomer cement (GIC). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Adhesion, growth, and morphology of human periodontal fibroblasts over test materials were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biocompatibility was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide salt (MTT) assay. RESULTS: Compared to glass coverslips, cells grew and spread qualitatively better over the surface of Geristore in comparison with the other test materials. In vitro interpretation indicates that Geristore is significantly less cytotoxic to human periodontal ligament cells. Results of statistical analysis revealed that material extracts had significant effect on cell proliferation at both 24 h (F = 547.62, P < 0.05) and at 48 h (F = 6048.18, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study supports that Geristore has enhanced biologic behavior to human periodontal ligament cells and superior biocompatibility in comparison with MTA and GIC, so it can be suggested as a material of choice in root resorption, perforations, and root-end filling.

Potential of the propolis as storage medium to preserve the viability of cultured human periodontal ligament cells: an in vitro study.

AIM: In vitro experiments were carried out to evaluate the potential of propolis, a natural resin known for its wide therapeutic window, as storage medium to preserve the viability of cultured human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary cultures of human PDL cells were subjected to either independent exposure of propolis (2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, and 20.0%), Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), milk (0.5%), artificial saliva, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) or combination of propolis 10% + DMEM, propolis 20% + DMEM for 30 min to 24 h at 37 °C. Cell viability was assessed using standard endpoints i.e., tetrazolium bromide salt (MTT), neutral red uptake, and trypan blue dye exclusion assay. RESULTS: In general, combinations of propolis 10% + DMEM, propolis 20% + DMEM, and DMEM alone were found to be better than other media used in this study. The difference in the potentials of these media to maintain the cell viability reached to the statistically significant levels by 24 h, when compared with other media used viz., propolis 2.5% (P < 0.01), propolis 5.0% (P < 0.05), propolis 10.0% (P < 0.05), propolis 20.0% (P < 0.001), HBSS (P < 0.001), and milk (P < 0.01). Trypan blue dye exclusion assay could be recorded the most sensitive among all the assays selected to study the cell viability of PDL cells. CONCLUSIONS: Study indicates that combinations of propolis 10% + DMEM, propolis 20% + DMEM, and DMEM alone are equally good as storage media of choice to keep PDL cells viable during extra-alveolar period up to 24 h. Other more readily available medium such as milk may serve as appropriate alternative storage medium for shorter time periods i.e., up to 12 h.