RESUMO
PIP: Official data on mortality and the availability of food in Italy are used to analyze changes in the relationship between mortality and nutrition in the period from 1861 to 1921.^ieng
Assuntos
Mortalidade , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Europa (Continente) , Saúde , Itália , População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
From the beginning of national unification (1861) onwards, the process of the decline in infant mortality has been well-known and several explanatory hypotheses have been offered about the time differences in the decline on different territories. Using a still fragmentary and heterogeneous documentary data basis, this article has attempted to outline the evolution of the mortality of children as from the eighteenth century, stressing the permanence of territorial particularities in the long run. Before the beginning of the irreversible decline (as from the second half of the nineteenth century), the determining factors of the territorial differences seem to depend more on socio-cultural factors and on the surrounding atmosphere than on the standards of living of the populations.
Assuntos
Mortalidade Infantil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , ItáliaRESUMO
From January of 1984 through December of 1990, we implanted 739 Pop De Popa wild boar aortic valves in 626 patients, in all cardiac valvular positions. Of these patients, 562 received only the Pop De Popa xenobioprostheses, which numbered 620 valves. Only patients with contraindications for bioprosthetic valves (such as children under the age of 15) were excluded. At surgery, the 562 patients ranged in age from 17 to 66 years (mean, 41.7 yrs). Five hundred thirty-one (94.48%) were in NYHA functional class III or IV before valve replacement. Of the 620 valves implanted, 20 were replacements for Pop de Popa prostheses and the other 600 were replacements for native valves. Survivors were followed-up for a mean period of 31.6(+/-22) months (range, 3 months to 7 years), and for a cumulative period of 2,432 patient-years. Over the 7-year period of study, there were 78 late deaths, and 32 other patients were lost to follow-up. The analysis demonstrated good cardiac and general improvement. At the conclusion of the 7-year study, 94.83% of the survivors subject to follow-up were in NYHA functional class I or II. The early mortality rate was 12% (68 patients), and the following incidence of early valve-related complications was noted: thromboembolism, 3% to 4%; endocarditis, 1% to 2%; paravalvular leak, 1% to 2%; primary tissue failure, 1%; and anticoagulant-related hemorrhaging, 1%. At 7 years, 90% of survivors subject to follow-up were still free of valve failure. The probability of complications was as follows: thromboembolism, 16.1%; endocarditis, 8.8%; paravalvular leak, 4.4%; anticoagulant-related hemorrhaging, 1.2%; and valvular degeneration and reoperation, 12.5%. The probability of survival at 7 years was 86.12%. While this study does not yet demonstrate the superiority of the wild boar valve over other bioprosthetic valves, it does reaffirm the worth of implanting biologic valves in adult patients when not contraindicated. Perhaps as we continue follow-up beyond 7 years, the apparent durability of the wild boar cusps will manifest itself in a statistically significant manner.
RESUMO
PIP: The author examines regional differences in demographic conditions that existed in Italy in the period preceding the demographic transition, with a focus on dissimilarities, both among and within the major regions. The author concludes that these differences are such that only a regional approach, as opposed to a national approach, is appropriate for the study of Italian historical demography in the period from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century.^ieng
Assuntos
Demografia , Geografia , Dinâmica Populacional , Países Desenvolvidos , Europa (Continente) , Itália , População , Ciências SociaisRESUMO
PIP: The author examines regional differences in demographic conditions in Italy from the mid-eighteenth to the late nineteenth century. He concludes that these dissimilarities are such that only a regional approach, as opposed to a national one, is appropriate for the study of Italy's demographic history.^ieng
Assuntos
Demografia , Geografia , Dinâmica Populacional , Países Desenvolvidos , Europa (Continente) , Itália , População , Ciências SociaisRESUMO
PIP: The author reviews the literature and examines medical, hygienic, and nutritional factors affecting mortality in Italy before and after the initiation of the modern decline in mortality. He also discusses trends toward lower mortality in the period following the uniting of the country in 1860, the continuation of geographic differences, and possible interpretive hypotheses.^ieng
Assuntos
Demografia , Geografia , Mortalidade , Países Desenvolvidos , Europa (Continente) , Saúde , Higiene , Itália , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Ciências SociaisRESUMO
PIP: Population trends in the main cities, small towns, and rural areas of Tuscany are compared from the middle of the sixteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century. Data are from the censuses of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Variations in the pattern of urbanization over time are identified and analyzed. The data also enable comparisons to be made between the growth of central cities and that of suburban areas. (summary in ENG, ITA)^ieng