Binge Eating Disorder: A 5-Year Retrospective Study on Experimental Drugs.

Binge eating disorder (BED) affects a significant rate of the general population causing a negative impact on their quality of life, weight, and self-esteem. Besides psychological treatments that compose the majority of the studies, pharmaceuticals have contributed to improve a host of clinical parameters, thus being an important component of the treatment. We opted to target the latest results by performing a review of the literature on the pharmacology for BED from the last 5 years. To achieve this goal, the terms: "binge eating disorder" and "treatment" were added to the PubMed database and the website clinicaltrials.gov. At least five drugs were either being tested or had already been recognized to improve BED symptoms - although only lisdexamfetamine is currently approved by the FDA to treat this condition. However, due to a better understanding of BED psychopathology in the last decade, it is notorious that improvement of eating-related symptoms is not the only desired target. Due to the significant comorbidity percentage (30%), weight loss is highly pursued, as well as the amelioration of clinical parameters which highlights the importance of having new agents combining both objectives.

Does binge-eating matter for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients?

BACKGROUND: Eating behavior is an important aspect related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment and may have an impact on glycemic control. Previous reports showed elevated prevalence of eating disordered behaviors, especially binge eating disorder in clinical samples of type 2 diabetes patients. However, results regarding the impact of an eating disorder on the glycemic and clinical control of T2DM is inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a comorbid eating disorder on glycemic control (GC) in a group of patients with T2DM. METHODS: Eating behaviors of 70 consecutive patients with T2DM were assessed using a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Binge Eating Scale. The GC was examined with fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin (A1c) levels. In addition, secondary clinical variables were assessed, including body mass index (BMI) and lipids. Chi-square and Student's T tests were used to compare clinical and psychopathological characteristics of patients with and without an ED. In order to evaluate the relationship between GC and eating disorder (ED) a linear regression analysis was performed, controlling for BMI. A significance level of 5% was adopted. RESULTS: Seventy-seven percent of the sample (n = 54) were female and 50% were obese. Fourteen patients exhibited an ED, mostly binge eating disorder (BED). In a regression analysis, both FBG (beta coefficient = 47.4 (22.3); p = 0.037) and A1c (beta coefficient = 1.12 (0.57); p = 0.05) were predicted by the presence of an ED. However, the presence of an ED lost its impact on glycemic control outcomes after the addition of the BMI in the models. CONCLUSIONS: Eating psychopathology is frequently observed in patients with T2DM. Among individuals with T2DM, co-morbid ED is associated with a poorer glycemic control in the presence of a higher BMI. The presence of an eating disordered behavior in patients with T2DM seems to have clinical relevance in the usual care of patients with diabetes. Therefore, we recommend eating psychopathology should be routinely assessed in T2DM patients.

Is weight regain after bariatric surgery associated with psychiatric comorbidity? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Bariatric surgery has been recognized as the gold standard treatment for severe obesity. Although postbariatric surgery patients usually achieve and maintain substantial weight loss, a group of individuals may exhibit weight regain. Several factors are proposed to weight regain, including psychiatric comorbidity. The objective of the study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies investigating the relationship between psychiatric comorbidity and weight regain. A systematic review through PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and PsycINFO was performed, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). After a stepwise selection, 13 articles were included in the qualitative analysis and 5 were included for a meta-analysis. Women was majority in most of the studies (87.6%), and a bypass procedure was the bariatric intervention most evaluated (66.8%), followed by gastric banding (32.1%) and sleeve (1.1%). Higher rates of postbariatric surgery eating psychopathology were reported in patients with weight regain. However, the association between general psychopathology and weight regain was not consistent across the studies. In the meta-analysis, the odds of eating psychopathology in the weight regain group was higher compared with the nonweight regain group (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.54-3.15). Postbariatric surgery eating psychopathology seems to play an important role in weight regain.

O transtorno da compulsão alimentar (TCA) tem impacto no reganho de peso após a cirurgia bariátrica? Relato de caso / The binge eating disorder (BED) could influence the weight regain after bariatric surgery? Case report

RESUMO A cirurgia bariátrica (CB) é considerada o tratamento mais eficaz para obesidade grave em longo prazo. Apesar de estar associada à resolução ou melhora das comorbidades clínicas, um desfecho possível é o reganho de peso. Um conjunto de evidências aponta a presença do transtorno da compulsão alimentar (TCA) como um dos fatores de risco associados ao reganho de peso pós-operatório. O objetivo desta apresentação de casos clínicos é discutir o possível impacto dos episódios de compulsão alimentar em pacientes submetidos à CB. Serão apresentados os seguintes casos (1): uma mulher de 41 anos, avaliada após 8 anos da cirurgia, apresentando um reganho de 22,9 kg e psicopatologia alimentar compatível com TCA; (2): um homem de 48 anos, avaliado no pós-operatório de 7 anos, com um reganho de 30 kg e exibindo queixas de beliscamento alimentar, porém sem sintomas compatíveis com TCA; (3): uma mulher de 44 anos, avaliada no pós-operatório de 3 anos, mantendo peso estável sem reganho e que exibia à avaliação TCA. Os autores discutem, a partir destes três casos, as evidências relacionadas ao impacto da compulsão alimentar no resultado da CB. Apesar de não haver, no momento, um consenso definitivo quanto ao real impacto dos transtornos alimentares neste recrudescimento ponderal, fica claro que o clínico deve estar atento ao TCA e sua possível associação com o reganho de peso.

ABSTRACT Bariatric surgery (BS) is the most effectiveness long term treatment to severe obesity. However being associated with resolution or improvement of clinic comorbidities, one possible outcome is weight regain. A group of evidences appoint to the presence of BED (binge eating disorder) as one risk factor associated to post-surgery weight regain. The aim of this case report is to discuss a possible impact of binge eating in patients submitted to BS. The following cases will be presented: (1): 41 years woman, evaluated after 8 years post-surgery, showing weight regain of 22.9 kg and compatible eating psychopathology with BED; (2): 48 years men, evaluated 7 years post-surgery, with weight regain of 30 kg and showing grazing complaints, although without compatible BED symptomatology; (3): 44 years woman, evaluated 3 years post-surgery, maintaining stable weight without weight regain and BED exhibited in evaluation. The authors discuss, from these three index cases, the associated evidences related to the impact of the binge eating in the BS result. Although, for the moment, any definitely consensus on the real impact of eating disorders in weight recrudescence is not possible, it is clear that the clinician need to be alert to BED and possible association with weight regain.

Profile of agomelatine and its potential in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.

BACKGROUND: Although many generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients respond to the available pharmacological treatments, nearly half of them do not present the expected results. Besides, the side effects associated to some drugs have a negative impact on treatment adherence. Therefore, the aim of this review was to report the clinical profile of agomelatine, a selective melatonergic MT1/MT2 receptor agonist with serotonin 5-HT2c receptor antagonist activities, as a potential pharmacological option in the treatment of GAD. METHODS: We performed a literature review regarding studies that evaluated the use of agomelatine in GAD treatment. RESULTS: Two short-term, double-blinded studies and one prevention-treatment trial evaluated the efficacy of agomelatine in the treatment of GAD. Agomelatine was associated with higher rates of clinical response and remission, when compared to placebo. In addition, the long-term use of agomelatine decreased the risk of relapse of anxiety symptoms, even for the severely ill patients. Besides, the tolerability was satisfactory with the absence of discontinuation symptoms, as observed in previous studies. CONCLUSION: The efficacy and tolerability profiles of agomelatine in the treatment of GAD were good. However, the scarce number of trials, the small sample sizes, and the use of patients without any comorbid conditions were some limitations that impaired the generalization of the results in the general population. Nevertheless, agomelatine is an attractive off-label option in the treatment of GAD that needs more conclusive evidences to establish its role in future guidelines.

A review of preliminary observations on agomelatine in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

Agomelatine is an antidepressant with a novel mechanism of being a selective melatonergic MT1/MT2 receptor agonist with serotonin 5-HT(2c) receptor antagonist activities. Although the vast majority of the clinical data concerning the effectiveness of agomelatine concern its antidepressant properties, there is also preliminary evidence of anxiolytic effects. The purpose of the study was to perform a review of studies that investigated the efficacy of agomelatine in the treatment of anxiety disorders (ADs) and a discussion of the clinical utility of agomelatine in this clinical population. Previous clinical data indicated that agomelatine was more efficacious than both placebo and comparator drugs in reducing anxiety symptoms in depressed patients. Moreover, agomelatine effectiveness in the treatment of AD patients was observed in 2 double-blind, randomized trials, in a case series and in 3 case reports. Greater clinical evidence was observed with generalized AD patients. Agomelatine was efficacious both in reducing anxiety symptoms and in preventing relapses after a 6-month follow-up. However, concerning other ADs, evidence of agomelatine's effects on anxiety was found only in isolated case descriptions. Nevertheless, those case reports emphasized the drug's favorable side effect profile (in comparison to serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and its effectiveness in treatment-refractory patients. Considering the high incidence of poor efficacy and tolerability of the first-line agents in the treatment of ADs, agomelatine seems to be a promising option in cases of treatment failure, and it could be used as a second or third option, as monotherapy or as augmentation treatment.

Depression, glycemic control and type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Comorbid depression in diabetes has been suggested as one of the possible causes of an inadequate glycemic control. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between major depression and the glycemic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Seventy T2DM patients were evaluated. They underwent a psychiatric examination using the following instruments: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and Beck Depression Inventory. The diabetes status was assessed in the short-term (glycemia, glycated hemoglobin) clinical control. RESULTS: The presence of current depression was observed in 18.6% (13/70). In addition, type 2 diabetes patients who displayed depression evidenced higher levels of glycated hemoglobin (8.6 ± 2.0 vs. 7.5 ± 1.8; p = 0.05) when compared to those who did not exhibit a mood disorder. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample, the presence of depression seems to impact on the short-term control of T2DM. The authors discuss the clinical utility of these findings in the usual treatment of diabetes.

Impact of body mass index on the psychopathological profile of obese women.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is a complex condition associated with a host of medical disorders. One common assumption is that obesity is also related to psychological and emotional complications. However, some studies have shown that obesity itself does not appear to be systematically associated with psychopathological outcomes.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact that the various degrees of obesity have on the psychopathological profile of obese patients. METHOD: The study sample consisted of 217 women classified as obese (body mass index > 30 kg/m(2)) who sought medical treatment for weight loss and were consecutively invited to participate in the study. Anthropometric data were registered for all participants. Psychiatric evaluations were performed using the Beck Depression Inventory and Symptom Checklist-90. Multiple regression analysis was used in order to determine whether any of the studied variables (age, level of education, Beck Depression Inventory score and body mass index) were independently correlated with the score on the different subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90. RESULTS: Only body mass index was found to correlate significantly with the score on the somatization subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90 (r = 0.148, p = 0.035). This correlation remained significant after multiple regression analysis (p = 0.03). No correlation was found between body mass index and the score on any of the other subscales. CONCLUSION: The degree of obesity did not correlate with any of the psychological profiles commonly described in the medical literature, including depression and anxiety. The correlation between obesity and somatization, although weak, might simply be related to an overlapping of symptoms.

Impact of body mass index on the psychopathological profile of obese women / Impacto do índice de massa corporal no perfil psicopatológico de mulheres obesas

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is a complex condition associated with a host of medical disorders. One common assumption is that obesity is also related to psychological and emotional complications. However, some studies have shown that obesity itself does not appear to be systematically associated with psychopathological outcomes.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact that the various degrees of obesity have on the psychopathological profile of obese patients. METHOD: The study sample consisted of 217 women classified as obese (body mass index > 30 kg/m²) who sought medical treatment for weight loss and were consecutively invited to participate in the study. Anthropometric data were registered for all participants. Psychiatric evaluations were performed using the Beck Depression Inventory and Symptom Checklist-90. Multiple regression analysis was used in order to determine whether any of the studied variables (age, level of education, Beck Depression Inventory score and body mass index) were independently correlated with the score on the different subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90. RESULTS: Only body mass index was found to correlate significantly with the score on the somatization subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90 (r = 0.148, p = 0.035). This correlation remained significant after multiple regression analysis (p = 0.03). No correlation was found between body mass index and the score on any of the other subscales. CONCLUSION: The degree of obesity did not correlate with any of the psychological profiles commonly described in the medical literature, including depression and anxiety. The correlation between obesity and somatization, although weak, might simply be related to an overlapping of symptoms.

OBJETIVO: A obesidade é uma condição complexa associada a uma ampla variedade de desordens médicas, incluindo alguns distúrbios emocionais e psicológicos. Entretanto, alguns estudos têm demonstrado que a obesidade, per se, não parece estar sistematicamente associada a alterações psicopatológicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da severidade da obesidade no perfil psicopatológico de pacientes com obesidade, utilizando o Symptom Checklist-90. MÉTODO: Foram selecionados 217 pacientes do sexo feminino, com obesidade (índice de massa corporal > 30 kg/m²), que procuraram tratamento para perda de peso. Os participantes tiveram seus dados antropométricos registrados. A avaliação psiquiátrica foi realizada utilizando o Inventário de Depressão de Beck e o Symptom Checklist-90. A Regressão Linear Múltipla foi utilizada para avaliar quais variáveis (idade, nível educacional, Inventário de Depressão de Beck e índice de massa corporal) apresentariam uma correlação independente com as subscalas do Symptom Checklist-90. RESULTADOS : Uma correlação significativa foi encontrada apenas entre o índice de massa corporal e o domínio Somatização (r = 0,148, p = 0,035). Esta correlação permaneceu após análise de regressão múltipla (p = 0,03). Nenhuma correlação foi encontrada entre índice de massa corporal e os outros domínios. CONCLUSÃO: A gravidade da obesidade não se correlacionou com diversos dos perfis psicopatológicos comumente encontrados na literatura, como depressão e ansiedade. A correlação entre obesidade e somatização, embora fraca, pode estar relacionada simplesmente a uma sobreposição de sintomas.

Impact of binge eating disorder in the psychopathological profile of obese women.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the psychopathological profile of obese women with binge eating disorder (BED) using the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). METHODS: Two hundred twelve obese women who seek for weight loss treatment were sequentially selected to participate in the study. Binge eating disorder was diagnosed using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Binge eating disorder severity was assessed using Binge Eating Scale. Depressive symptoms were assessed using Beck Depression Inventory. The psychopathological profile was assessed using the SCL-90. RESULTS: Binge eating disorder was diagnosed in 54 patients (26.6%). Obese patients with BED presented significant higher scores in all domains of SCL-90 (P < .05 for all) in comparison with obese patients without BED. A significant relationship was found among Binge Eating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and all domains of the SCL-90 (P < .05 for all). After linear regression, obsessivity-compulsivity (P = .03), interpersonal sensitivity (P = .0064), paranoid ideas (P = .03), and psychoticism (P = .01) were independently related to the severity of BED. CONCLUSION: Obese women with BED presented a more severe psychopathological profile than obese controls. Among all, obsessivity-compulsivity, interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid ideas, and psychoticism seem to be strongly linked to BED severity.

Fobia alimentar associada a magreza: um diagnóstico diferencial com anorexia nervosa / Low weight associated with food phobia: a differential diagnosis with anorexia nervosa

A fobia alimentar (FA) ou fagofobia é um transtorno caracterizado pelo medo condicionado e excessivo de comer e engolir, muitas vezes precipitado por um evento de vômito ou engasgo. Existem poucos casos de FA descritos na literatura científica, o que dificulta a definição da sua prevalência. Apesar disso, a fagofobia apresenta importância clínica em função do risco de complicações clínicas e da possibilidade de erro diagnóstico por confusão com outras condições que acarretem restrição alimentar, como a anorexia nervosa. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um caso de FA e discutir a psicopatologia desse transtorno, as dificuldades diagnósticas e recomendações terapêuticas, tendo como base a evolução clínica do caso e as evidências científicas atuais.

Food phobia (FP) or phagophobia is a disorder characterized by an excessive conditioned fear of eating and swallowing, many times precipitated by vomiting or choking. There are few reports of FP on scientific literature, so it's difficult to know its prevalence. Despite of that, it presents clinical relevance because of the risk of clinical complications and misdiagnosis possibility by confusion with other conditions that carries food restraint, like anorexia nervosa. The objective of this article is to present a FP clinical case and to discuss the psychopathology, diagnostic difficulties and recommended therapeutics, based on clinical evolution of the case and recent scientific evidences.

Comorbidade psiquiátrica no diabetes mellitus do tipo 2: do diagnóstico ao tratamento / Psychiatric comorbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: from diagnosis to treatment

O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença crônica caracterizada por um conjunto de alterações (cambios)metabólicas que compartilham (comparten) entre si uma hiperglicemia persistente. Apesar de todos os esforços no controle (esfuerzos en el control) da doença, um grupo de pacientes com diabetes permanece com níveis glicêmicoselevados e evolui (evoluciona) com complicações clínicas associadas, mesmo seguindo orientações terapêuticas específicas. A presença de transtornos psiquiátricos no DM poderia ser um dos (uno de los) fatores que dificultaria o controle metabólico e facilitaria a evolução da doença. O objetivo desse artigo foi (El objetivo deeste artículo fue) o de investigar a associação entre comorbidade psiquiátrica, principalmente a depressão e os transtornos alimentares (TA), e o diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 (DM2). A ocorrência (La aparición) de depressão e dos TA parece aumentada em pacientes com diabetes.Além disso (Además), a presença (presencia) de uma síndromedepressiva e de sintomas alimentares parece influenciar negativamente o controle metabólico da doença. Parece importante investigar a presença de um transtorno psiquiátrico em pacientes com diabetes, sobretudonaqueles (en aquellos) que não conseguem um controle metabólico satisfatório. O tratamento adequado de um TA no diabetes poderia estar associado com uma reduçãodas complicações clínicas relacionadas ao diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterizedby a group of metabolic alterations that have in commona persistent hyperglycemia. Despite all efforts to controlthe disease, a group of diabetic patients remains withincreased glycemic levels, developing associated clinicalcomplications later on, even after following specifictherapeutical recommendations. The presence ofpsychiatric disorders in DM could be one of the factorsthat disturb the metabolic control, facilitating theprogression of the disease. The goal of this article was toinvestigate the association between psychiatriccomorbidity, particularly depression and eating disorders(ED), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The occurrenceof depression and ED seems to be increased in patientswith diabetes. Furthermore, the presence of a depressionsyndrome and eating disorder symptoms seems tonegatively influence metabolic control. of the disease. Itseems important to investigate the presence of apsychiatric disorder in patients with diabetes, especiallyin those who cannot achieve a satisfactory metaboliccontrol. The adequate treatment of an eating disorder indiabetes could be associated with a reduction in thenumber of clinical complications related to this disease.

Evidências sobre a terapia cognitivo-comportamental no tratamento de obesos com transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica / Evidence of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of obese patients with binge eating disorder

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as evidências sobre a eficácia da terapia cognitivo-comportamental no tratamento de obesos com transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica. MÉTODOS: Nesta revisão, foram incluídos ensaios clínicos e metanálises publicados entre janeiro de 1980 e fevereiro de 2006, em todas as línguas. Foram excluídos estudos que investigassem a eficácia da terapia cognitivo-comportamental com uso concomitante de medicação, terapia cognitivo-comportamental no formato de manuais de auto-ajuda, relatos ou série de casos e cartas ao editor. As bases eletrônicas de dados consultadas foram: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, LILACS e Cochrane Library. A estratégia de busca incluiu também a checagem manual das referências bibliográficas dos artigos selecionados e de capítulos de livros sobre o tema. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados dois ensaios clínicos abertos e 15 controlados. O desfecho primário na maioria desses estudos é a compulsão alimentar. No geral, os ensaios clínicos avaliados sugerem que o uso da terapia cognitivo-comportamental resulta numa melhora significativa da compulsão alimentar e dos sintomas psicopatológicos associados ao transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica, sem resultar em perda de peso substancial. CONCLUSÕES: As evidências disponíveis sugerem que a terapia cognitivo-comportamental é um método de tratamento eficaz para o transtorno da compulsão alimentar, em relação aos componentes psicológicos dessa condição. Entretanto, sua eficácia na redução do peso corporal e na manutenção dos seus efeitos no longo prazo ainda precisa ser melhor investigada.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate evidence of the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of obese patients with binge eating disorder. METHOD: This review included clinical trials and meta-analyses published in all languages from January 1980 to February 2006. Studies assessing the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy associated with medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy in self-help manuals, case reports or series and letters to editors were excluded. The following electronic databases were used: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, LILACS and Cochrane Library. Search strategies also included consulting the references of selected articles and chapters of specialized books. RESULTS: Two open and 15 controlled clinical trials were included. The primary outcome in most studies was binge eating. In general, the clinical trials suggest that cognitive-behavioral therapy results in significant improvement in binge eating and other psychopathological symptoms related to binge eating disorder. However, no substantial weight loss was reported. CONCLUSIONS: Available evidence suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective intervention method for psychological aspects of binge eating disorder, although its efficacy in body weight reduction and long-term maintenance of results still needs further investigation.

Distribuição de transtornos alimentares em indivíduos com diabetes melito do tipo 1 e do tipo 2: descrição de dois casos / Distribution of eating disorders in subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a description of two cases

A presença de alterações do comportamento alimentar parece estar aumentada no diabetes melito (DM). Entretanto, a distribuição das diversas categorias de transtornos alimentares tende a se distinguir de acordo com a fisiopatologia do diabetes. O objetivo dessa apresentação é discutir dois casos distintos de ocorrência de transtornos alimentares no DM do tipo 1 (DM1) e no DM do tipo 2 (DM2). A paciente A é do sexo feminino, tem 19 anos e apresenta DM1 desde os 13 anos. Evidenciava sintomas depressivos proeminentes e, há 2 anos, passou a apresentar episódios de compulsão alimentar seguidos de vômitos auto-induzidos e omissão das doses de insulina com o objetivo de evitar ganho de peso. Em função desse comportamento, apresentou diversas internações associadas a uma piora do controle glicêmico. Após o uso de fluoxetina, houve remissão da psicopatologia alimentar e melhora do controle do DM. A paciente B possui 42 anos e é portadora do DM2 há 6 anos. Apresenta obesidade grau II e vinha exibindo, antes mesmo do diagnóstico do DM2, episódios de compulsão alimentar na ausência de comportamentos compensatórios, que prejudicavam o controle metabólico do diabetes. Foi iniciada fluoxetina até a dose de 60 mg/dia, com remissão do descontrole alimentar, perda ponderal e redução da hemoglobina glicosilada. A incidência de transtornos alimentares no DM1 estaria associada com um aumento da preocupação com a forma corporal e a possibilidade da omissão do uso da insulina como comportamento compensatório. No DM2, a obesidade seria um dos fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da psicopatologia alimentar.

The presence of changes in eating behavior seems to be increased in diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the distribution of varied categories of eating disorders tends to be distinguished according to the physiopathology of diabetes. The objective of this report is to discuss two distinct cases of eating disorders in type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patient A is a 19-year-old female who has had T1DM since she was 13 years old. She presented prominent depressive symptoms and 2 years ago she started presenting binge eating episodes followed by self-induced vomits and insulin omission to avoid weight gain. Due to this behavior, she had several hospitalizations associated with worse glycemic control. After treatment with fluoxetine, there was remission of eating psychopathology and improvement in DM control. Patient B is a 42-year-old female who has had T2DM for 6 years. She has grade II obesity and had been showing, even before the diagnosis of T2DM, binge eating episodes in the absence of compensatory behaviors that jeopardized the metabolic control of DM. She started a treatment with fluoxetine up to 60 mg/day, with remission of binge eating, weight loss and reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin. The incidence of eating disorders in T1DM seems to be associated with an increase in concern with body shape and the possibility of insulin omission as a compensatory behavior. In T2DM, obesity seems to be one of the factors associated with the development of eating psychopathology.

Tradução para o português e avaliação da confiabilidade de uma escala para diagnóstico da polineuropatia distal diabética / Translation into portuguese and assessment of the reliability of a scale for the diagnosis of diabetic distal polyneuropathy

O objetivo deste trabalho é traduzir para o português e avaliar a confiabilidade de uma escala para diagnóstico da polineuropatia distal diabética (PNDD). O processo de tradução e adaptação para o português das versões simplificadas do Escore de Sintomas Neuropáticos (ESN) e Escore de Comprometimento Neuropático (ECN) foi realizado conforme as orientações internacionais padronizadas. As escalas foram aplicadas por dois avaliadores em 57 pacientes diabéticos selecionados seqüencialmente. Foi utilizada a correlação de Spearman para avaliação da concordância inter-avaliador e o alfa de Cronbach para avaliação da consistência interna do ESN. Tanto a aplicação do ECN como do ESN apresentou uma boa concordância entre os avaliadores (r= 0,77, p< 0,0001 e r= 0,76, p< 0,0001, respectivamente). O ESN apresentou boa consistência interna (alfa= 0,74). O diagnóstico de PNDD, realizado através da combinação dos escores, também apresentou boa concordância (r= 0,63, p< 0,0001). As versões em português do ECN e do ESN se mostraram adequadas para o diagnóstico da PNDD na população avaliada.

Prevalence of eating disorders and psychiatric comorbidity in a clinical sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

BACKGROUND: A few studies have shown high rates of eating disorders and psychiatric morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE: Disturbed eating behavior and psychiatric comorbidity in a sample of T2DM patients. METHODS: Seventy type 2 diabetes mellitus patients between 40 and 65 years of age (mean, 52.9 +/- 6.8) from a diabetes outpatient clinic were sequentially evaluated. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Binge Eating Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess eating disorders and other psychiatric comorbidity. In addition to the descriptive analysis of the data, we compared groups divided based on the presence of obesity (evaluated by the body mass index) or an eating disorder. RESULTS: Twenty percent of the sample displayed an eating disorder. Binge eating disorder was the predominant eating disorder diagnosis (10%). Overall, the group of obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus presented rates of psychiatric comorbidity comparable to those seen in their nonobese counterparts. However, the presence of an eating disorder was associated with a significant increase in the frequency of anxiety disorders (57.1% x 28.6%; p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: In our study sample, the occurrence of eating disorders was increased compared to rates observed in the general population, with the predominance of binge eating disorder. The presence of an eating disorder in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was associated with higher rates of anxiety disorders.

Prevalence of eating disorders and psychiatric comorbidity in a clinical sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

INTRODUÇAO: Alguns estudos têm demonstrado uma freqüência elevada de transtornos alimentares (TA) e morbidade psiquiátrica em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 (DM2). OBJETIVOS: Investigar a presença de alterações do comportamento alimentar e comorbidade psiquiátrica em uma amostra de pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2. MÉTODOS: Setenta pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2, com idade entre 40 e 65 anos (média de 52,9 ± 6,8), em tratamento regular em um serviço de diabetes, foram seqüencialmente avaliados. Para avaliação da morbidade psiquiátrica foi utilizado o Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, além da Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica e o Inventário Beck de Depressão. Além da análise descritiva dos dados, foi realizada uma avaliação comparativa da amostra dividida em grupos, com base na presença de obesidade (avaliada através do índice de massa corporal) e de transtornos do comportamento alimentar. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrada uma prevalência geral de 20% de transtornos alimentares, sendo o transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica (TCAP) o de maior ocorrência na nossa amostra (10%). O grupo de obesos com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 não apresentou aumento de comorbidade psiquiátrica quando comparado com os pacientes diabéticos não-obesos. Entretanto, quando comparamos o grupo de pacientes com alterações do comportamento alimentar com aqueles sem transtornos alimentares, a presença de um transtorno alimentar esteve associada a um aumento na freqüência de transtornos de ansiedade (57,1% vs. 28,6%; p = 0,044). CONCLUSÕES: Em nosso estudo, a ocorrência de transtornos alimentares esteve aumentada em relação às taxas observadas na população geral, com o predomínio do transtorno da compulsão alimentar periódica. A presença de um transtorno alimentar em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2 esteve associada a uma maior ocorrência de transtornos de ansiedade.