Development and validation of a gel wax phantom to evaluate geometric accuracy and measurement of a hyperechoic target diameter in diagnostic ultrasound imaging.

Diagnostic ultrasound (US) scanners are generally evaluated using proprietary quality assurance (QA) phantoms, but their prohibitively high cost may prevent organizations to perform the necessary tests. This study aimed to develop a low-cost gel wax phantom with targets to determine the lateral and axial resolution and diameter of a hyperechoic target in an US scanner. The acoustic property (AP) of gel wax, which includes the speed of sound (cus), acoustic impedance (Z), and attenuation coefficient (µ), were determined for multiple transducers operating at 2.25, 5, 10, 15, and 30 MHz. These results were compared to the AP of soft tissue. Two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) rectangular frames with holes separated by 5, 10, and 20 mm were constructed. Nylon filaments and stainless-steel disc (SS disc) (diameter = 16.8 mm) were threaded through the frames and suitably placed in gel wax to obtain orthogonal targets in the phantom. The target dimensions obtained from computerized tomography (CT) and US images of the phantom were compared for phantom validation. The average cus=1431.4 m/s, mass density ρ = 0.87 g/cm3, Z = 1.24 MRayls, and µ ranged from 0.7 to 0.98 dB/cm/MHz for gel wax at 22 °C. The US image measurement exhibited a maximum error in determining the diameter of the SS disc, resulting in a value of 18 mm instead of its actual value of 16.8 mm. The phantom volume decreased by 1.8% in 62 weeks. The present phantom is affordable, stable, customizable, and can be used to evaluate diagnostic US scanners across multiple centers.

High-resolution imaging of the whole eye with photoacoustic microscopy.

Observation and characterization of any changes in anatomical structures of ocular components remain as a conventional technique for diagnosis, staging, therapeutic treatments, and post-treatment monitoring of any ophthalmic disorders. The existing technologies fail to provide imaging of all of the various components of the eye simultaneously at one scanning time, i.e., one can recover vital patho-physiological information (structure and bio-molecular content) of the different ocular tissue sections only one after another. This article addresses the longstanding technological challenge by use of an emerging imaging modality [photoacoustic imaging (PAI)] in which we integrated a synthetic aperture reconstruction technique (SAFT). Experimental results-with experiments being conducted in excised tissues (goat eye)-demonstrated that we can simultaneously image the entire structure of the eye (∼2.5 cm) depicting clearly the distinctive ocular structures (cornea, aqueous humor, iris, pupil, eye lens, vitreous humor, and retina). This study uniquely opens an avenue for promising ophthalmic (clinical) applications of high clinical impact.