Composition and Structure of Thripidae Populations in Crops of Three Geographical Regions in Colombia.

The composition and structure of thrips populations were determined in agroecosystems of 10 crops in the Andean, Caribbean, and Orinoquia regions of Colombia. From 18,183 identified specimens, 81 species belonging to 20 genera and three families were found. The Andean region was the most diverse with 60 species (n = 11,360, Chao 1 = 70.5, H' = 1.986), followed by the Caribbean region with 42 (n = 5,960, Chao 1 = 57.6, H' = 2.256) and the Orinoquia with 24 (n = 863, Chao 1 = 31; H' = 2.301). The crop with the richest fauna was avocado (Persea americana) Mill. with 40 species (n = 4,047, Chao 1 = 55.17, H' = 1.302), followed by coffee (Coffea arabica) L. with 26 (n = 1,395, Chao 1 = 33; H' = 1.026), cassava (Manihot esculenta) Crantz. with 25 (n = 1,050, Chao 1 = 29.67, H' = 1.635), citrus (Citrus spp.) with 22 (n= 836, Chao 1 = 25.75, H' = 1.748), corn (Zea mays) L. with 22 (n = 1,647, Chao 1 = 24.5, H' = 1.365), mango (Mangifera indica) L. with 17 (n = 1,144, Chao 1 = 18.5, H' = 1.303), blackberry (Rubus glaucus) Bentham. with 11 (n = 545, Chao 1 = 16, H' = 0.886), banana (Musa spp.) with 9 species (n = 1,798, Chao 1 = 9, H' = 0.208), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) L. with 8 (n = 5,621, Chao 1 = 11, H' = 0.913), and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) Müll.Arg. with 4 species (n = 90, Chao 1 = 4, H' = 0.594). Differences were found in the distribution of the species in the altitudinal gradients and in the biogeographical regions. Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton, was the most abundant species, with the highest presence in crops, the greatest geographic and altitudinal distribution.

[Bogotá paint-industry workers exposure to organic solvents and genotoxic effects]. / Exposición a Solventes Orgánicos y Efectos Genotóxicos en Trabajadores de Fábricas de Pinturas en Bogotá

OBJECTIVE: Investigating the degree of exposure to organic solvents and related genotoxic consequences in paint-factory workers by using cytogenetic monitoring and determining micronuclei frequency in lymphocytes and DNA damage as assessed by comet assays. METHODOLOGY: Excretion of phenol and hippuric and methylhippuric acids in urine was investigated as biomarkers for benzene, toluene and xylene exposure. Urine samples were taken in two paint-factories in Bogotá and in a non-exposed control group. Benzene, toluene and xylene concentrations in air were measured in the work setting. Micronuclei and simple DNA chain breakage frequency were evaluated in peripheral blood sample mononuclear cells to assess early genetic effects. RESULTS: Hippuric acid concentration was found to be within normal values; by contrast, phenol and methylhippuric acid sample concentrations were above normal values by 3,3 % and 50,8 %, respectively. Benzene concentration in air was above permissible limits in one of the factories. There were no statistical differences regarding genetic biomarkers between exposed and non-exposed workers. CONCLUSIONS: Organic solvent levels in the samples were apparently low, which is consistent with the absence of genotoxicity in cells. This study represents a step forward in research in occupational health surveillance.

Exposición a Solventes Orgánicos y Efectos Genotóxicos en Trabajadores de Fábricas de Pinturas en Bogotá / Bogotá paint-industry workers´ exposure to organic solvents and genotoxic effects

Objetivo: Investigar la exposición a solventes orgánicos y los efectos genotóxicos mediante monitoreo citogenético determinando la frecuencia de micronúcleos en linfocitos y el daño del ADN por el ensayo del cometa, en trabajadores de fábricas de pinturas en Bogotá. Metodología: Como biomarcadores de exposición a benceno, tolueno y xileno, la excreción de fenol, ácido hipúrico y ácido metilhipúrico fue investigada en muestras de orina provenientes de trabajadores en dos fábricas de pinturas en Bogotá y de un grupo control. También se realizó monitoreo de la concentración de benceno, tolueno y xileno en el ambiente de trabajo. Como biomarcadores de efectos genéticos tempranos, la frecuencia de micronúcleos y rompimiento de cadenas simples de ADN fueron evaluadas en células mononucleares a partir de muestras de sangre periférica. Resultados: Las concentraciones de ácido hipúrico en orina post-exposición se encontraron dentro de los rangos normales, mientras que para fenol el 3,3 por ciento y para ácido metilhipúrico el 50,8 por ciento de las muestras presentaron niveles por encima de los valores de referencia. En una de las fábricas la concentración de benceno en aire estaba por encima de los valores límites permisibles. No hubo diferencias estadísticas entre los trabajadores expuestos y los no expuestos con relación a los biomarcadores genéticos examinados. Conclusiones: En este estudio los niveles de solventes orgánicos internamente efectivos parecen ser bajos lo cual se explica con la ausencia de efectos genotóxicos en las células examinadas. Este trabajo constituye un aporte para continuar investigando sobre el tema y a la vez hacer seguimiento por medio del programa de vigilancia epidemiológica.

Objective: Investigating the degree of exposure to organic solvents and related genotoxic consequences in paint-factory workers by using cytogenetic monitoring and determining micronuclei frequency in lymphocytes and DNA damage as assessed by comet assays. Methodology: Excretion of phenol and hippuric and methylhippuric acids in urine was investigated as biomarkers for benzene, toluene and xylene exposure. Urine samples were taken in two paint-factories in Bogotá and in a non-exposed control group. Benzene, toluene and xylene concentrations in air were measured in the work setting. Micronuclei and simple DNA chain breakage frequency were evaluated in peripheral blood sample mononuclear cells to assess early genetic effects. Results: Hippuric acid concentration was found to be within normal values; by contrast, phenol and methylhippuric acid sample concentrations were above normal values by 3,3 percent and 50,8 percent, respectively. Benzene concentration in air was above permissible limits in one of the factories. There were no statistical differences regarding genetic biomarkers between exposed and non-exposed workers. Conclusions: Organic solvent levels in the samples were apparently low, which is consistent with the absence of genotoxicity in cells. This study represents a step forward in research in occupational health surveillance.

[Pesticides use by flower companies associated with the Colombian Association of Flower Exporters]. / Descripción del uso y manejo de plaguicidas en las empresas de flores afiliadas a Asocolflores.

INTRODUCTION: In Colombia, pesticide exposure has became a public health problem, as the use of these substances continues to increase. OBJECTIVE: The current study accumulated information concerning pesticides used by flower companies in Bogotá and Rionegro (Antioquia) that were associated with Asociación Colombiana de Exportadores de Flores (Asocolflores) in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-four companies were stratified by geographic location and size. Company and worker information was collected, and for each company, the process of pesticide application and maintenance of the cultivated flowers was carefully observed. Univariate and bivariate, and correlation analyses were applied for data analysis. RESULTS: Sex of workers was 39.4% male and 60.6% female. Pesticides were grouped into 4 toxicity classes: 14.3% were class I, 14.4% class II, 52.0% class III, and 19.2% class IV. Dithiocarbamates was the group of pesticides more commonly used (11.7%). The equipment most frequently used for pesticide application was the "bomba móvil" (92.8%), and the "lanza" (92.9%). Cholinesterase activity measured by the Michel-Aldrige method was the biological marker for exposure to pesticides used in 85.9% of the companies. Recommendations for improvements in their use and for measures to further reduce exposure of workers are made.

Descripción del uso y manejo de plaguicidas en las empresas de flores afiliadas a Asocolflores / Pesticides use by flower companies associated with the Colombian Association of Flower Exporters

Introducción. En Colombia, la exposición a plaguicidas se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública debido al incremento de la demanda; esto ha ocasionado impacto en la salud de la población y en el ambiente. Objetivo. Describir los plaguicidas empleados y determinar su uso y manejo en las empresas de flores en la sabana de Bogotá y Rionegro (Antioquia) afiliadas a la Asociación Colombiana de Exportadores de Flores, Asocolflores. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 84 empresas estratificadas por ubicación geográfica y por tamaño. Se recolectó información de la empresa y del trabajador, y se realizó una observación detallada del proceso de fumigación y utilización de los plaguicidas. Se llevó a cabo un análisis univariado, bivariado y la exploración de posibles asociaciones. Resultados. El 39,4 por ciento de los trabajadores de las empresas incluidas en el estudio pertenecían al sexo masculino y el 60,6 por ciento al femenino. Respecto a la categoría toxicológica, el 14,3 por ciento de los plaguicidas pertenecía a la categoría I, el 14,4 por ciento a la II, el 52,0 por ciento a la categoría III y el restante, 19,2 por ciento , a la categoría IV. Los plaguicidas más utilizados fueron los ditiocarbamatos con 11,7 por ciento . Los equipos más empleados para la aplicación de los plaguicidas eran la bomba móvil (92,8 por ciento) y la lanza (92,9 por ciento). El seguimiento de la exposición a plaguicidas por pruebas de laboratorio, se realizaba por medio de la colinesterasa mediante la técnica de Michel-Aldrige en el 85,9 por ciento de las empresas. Conclusión. Este estudio describe la forma como se utilizan los plaguicidas en la industria floricultora en Colombia. Se hacen recomendaciones para mejorar su manejo y se proponen medidas para reducir la exposición de los trabajadores