Vitamina B12: ¿para algo más que el tratamiento de la anemia megaloblástica? / Vitamin B12: For more than just the treatment of megaloblastic anemia?

Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, belongs to the group of water-soluble vitamins and is ingested through food of animal origin such as eggs, milk, red meat and poultry, fish, and shellfish. Its clinical indication is the treatment of hypovitaminosis B12 administered orally or intramuscularly in the form of hydroxocobalamin. Hypovitaminosis B12 is mainly caused by deficient dietary intake (individuals with malnutrition, vegetarians or vegans, older adults, pregnant people, individuals with alcohol use disorder); when intestinal absorption is reduced (atrophic gastritis, malabsorption syndrome, gastrointestinal surgery); and for causes associated with the intake of drugs (antacids, metformin). Hypervitaminosis B12 has been associated with renal failure; liver diseases such as cirrhosis and acute-phase hepatitis; alcohol use disorder with or without liver involvement; solid tumors of the lung, liver, esophagus, pancreas, and colorectum; and in hematological malignancies such as leukemia and bone marrow dysplasia (AU)

La vitamina B12 o cobalamina pertenece al grupo de vitaminas hidrosolubles y su aporte se realiza a través de la ingesta de alimentos de origen animal como huevo; leche; carnes rojas y de aves; pescados y mariscos. Su indicación clínica es el tratamiento de la hipovitaminosis B12 administrada por vía oral o intramuscular en forma de hidroxicobalamina. La hipovitaminosis B12 se origina, principalmente, por un déficit de aporte en la dieta (malnutrición, sujetos vegetarianos o veganos, ancianos, embarazo, alcoholismo); cuando está disminuida su absorción intestinal (gastritis atrófica, síndrome de malabsorción intestinal, cirugía gastro-intestinal) y asociada a ingesta de fármacos (antiácidos, metformina). La hipervitaminosis B12 se ha relacionado con la insuficiencia renal; hepatopatías como cirrosis y hepatitis en fase aguda; alcoholismo con o sin afectación hepática; tumores sólidos de pulmón, hígado, esófago, páncreas y colorrectal y en neoplasias hematológicas como leucemia y la displasia medular (AU)

Vitamin B12: For more than just the treatment of megaloblastic anemia?

Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, belongs to the group of water-soluble vitamins and is ingested through food of animal origin such as eggs, milk, red meat and poultry, fish, and shellfish. Its clinical indication is the treatment of hypovitaminosis B12 administered orally or intramuscularly in the form of hydroxocobalamin. Hypovitaminosis B12 is mainly caused by deficient dietary intake (individuals with malnutrition, vegetarians or vegans, older adults, pregnant people, individuals with alcohol use disorder); when intestinal absorption is reduced (atrophic gastritis, malabsorption syndrome, gastrointestinal surgery); and for causes associated with the intake of drugs (antacids, metformin). Hypervitaminosis B12 has been associated with renal failure; liver diseases such as cirrhosis and acute-phase hepatitis; alcohol use disorder with or without liver involvement; solid tumors of the lung, liver, esophagus, pancreas, and colorectum; and in hematological malignancies such as leukemia and bone marrow dysplasia.

[Drug-related mortality among inpatients admitted in Internal Medicine]. / Mortalidad hospitalaria asociada a medicamentos en un Servicio de Medicina Interna.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the mortality associated with prescriptions, the drugs most frequently involved and the associated risk factors in patients admitted to Internal Medicine. METHODS: A retrospective, observational study. The clinical records of adult patients who died consecutively in the department of Internal Medicine in a Spanish tertiary hospital over twenty-two months were reviewed. The main variable was the prevalence of hospital death suspected of being related to the medications administered during admission. RESULTS: Out of the 455 deaths analyzed, 22.2% were related to the medications received; in 55 cases (12.1%) the drugs were suspected of being the cause of death and in 46 cases (10.1%) of contributing to it. The most frequent diagnoses in cases of death associated with drugs were cardiac arrhythmia (23.7%), severe hemorrhage (19.8%) and aspiration pneumonia (12.8%). The drugs with the highest prevalence in deaths related to pharmacological treatment were an-tithrombotic drugs (23.7%), digoxin (21.7%), antipsychotics (17.8%) and benzodiazepines (14.8%). The only independent risk factor for mortality associated with treatment was the number of medications administered (OR=1.25, 95%CI: 1.14-1.37). No significant association was found with age, sex, number of pathologies or duration of hospital stay. CONCLUSION: A high percentage of deaths of patients admitted to Internal Medicine were considered related to the medications received. Antithrombotic drugs, digoxin and psychotropic drugs were the agents most frequently implicated. This mortality is independently and significantly associated with the number of medications administered.

[Potentially inappropriate prescribing in hospitalized patients with comparative study between prescription by internist and geriatricians]. / Prescripción potencialmente inapropiada en pacientes hospitalizados con estudio comparativo entre la prescripción y realizada por internistas y geriatras.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze potentially inappropriate prescribing in hospitalized patients and compare the prescription by internists and geriatricians. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in hospitalized patients older than 65 years. We recorded prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescriptions according to the criteria of "Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions". RESULTS: We included 95 hospitalized patients over 65 years with a median age of 79 years (interquartile range: 73-82 years) and 50.5% female. One hundred eighty-three potentially inappropriate prescriptions were detected in 81 patients (85.2% of patients). The most frequent potentially inappropriate prescription were the prolonged use of inhibitors of proton pump high dose (32.6% of patients), the use of benzodiazepines in patients prone to falling (23.2% of patients), the prolonged use of long-acting benzodiazepines (21.1% of patients) and prolonged use of neuroleptic as hypnotics (21.1% of patients). In comparative study between medical specialties, significant differences were found in mean number of drugs (P = 0.0001) and in prolonged use of neuroleptics as hypnotics (P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of hospitalized patients older than 65 years receive potentially inappropriate prescribing. Prolonged use of inhibitors of the proton pump at high doses was the most frequent potentially inappropriate prescribing criterion.

Implementation of clinical practice guidelines for acute ischaemic stroke in specialist care centres.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebrovascular disease is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In 2008, the Spanish Ministry of Health published its Clinical Practice Guidelines for stroke prevention, but implementation of that document has not yet been assessed. Our study aims to investigate compliance with the Guidelines by analysing control over vascular risk factors, antithrombotic treatment and lipid lowering treatment in patients who had suffered an acute ischaemic stroke and who were under the care of neurologists or internists. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on data from clinical reports (vascular risk factors, diagnosis and treatment), blood pressure readings and laboratory tests pertaining to 203 patients diagnosed with acute ischaemic stroke and admitted to a medium-to-long stay hospital for rehabilitation and care. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 75 ± 10 years; 56% were women. The most common risk factors were hypertension (68%) and diabetes mellitus (40%). Intravenous fibrinolytic therapy had been administered to 8.9% of the patients. Of the patients with thrombotic cerebral infarction, 91.7% received antiplatelet agents; 59.4% of patients with embolic infarction received anticoagulants. Statins were prescribed to 65% of patients with thrombotic infarction. Laboratory tests upon admission showed that 23% of patients had total cholesterol levels above 175 mg/dl and 26.6% had plasma glucose levels above 126 mg/dl. Of the patient total, 70% received antihypertensive therapy, but 47.5% had blood pressure levels above 130/80 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: In our opinion, secondary prevention of acute cerebrovascular disease could be improved, mainly by increasing the percentage of patients treated with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs (depending on aetiology), increasing prescription of statins, and improving blood pressure control.

[Prevalence and factors associated to malnutrition in patients admitted to a medium-long stay hospital]. / Prevalencia y factores asociados a desnutrición entre pacientes ingresados en un hospital de media-larga estancia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of hyponutrition at admission at a mid- to long-term stay hospital. To analyze the possible factors associated to hyponutrition; the possible relationship with mortality at one month, and the treatments for hyponutrition performed. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Descriptive study from the laboratory data obtained in 140 patients. For diagnosing hyponutrition, a tool based on albumin, total cholesterol, and lymphocytes levels was used. Demographical (age and gender) and clinical data (presence of pressure soars, nasogastric tube, dementia, neoplasm, previous admission to the ICU, and main diagnosis) were gathered at admission as well as the mortality at the first month. The treatments used for hyponutrition were reviewed. RESULTS: patients' age was 77.1 years and 63% were females. 17.1% of the patients presented normal nutritional status, 50.7% met the criteria for mild hyponutrition, 26.4% of moderate hyponutrition, and 5.7% of severe hyponutrition. We found no association between hyponutrition and gender, nasogastric tube, soars, dementia or neoplasm, but we did so with age (P = 0.033). We found a relationship between moderate-severe hyponutrition and pressure soars (P = 0.036). We found an association between hyponutrition and mortality at one month (OR = 1.357, 95% CI 1.121 to 1.643; P = 0.02). 35.6% of the patients with moderate-severe hyponutrition received therapy for this condition (28.9% with protein supplements and 6.7% with enteral diet). CONCLUSIONS: hyponutrition affects most of the patients admitted to a mid to long-term stay hospitals and is associated with higher mortality. One third of hyponutrition patients receive nutritional therapy.

Prevalence of fatal adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence of fatal adverse drug reactions (FADRs) in a hospitalized population, identify the drugs involved and investigate reported risk factors for these events. METHODS: The study population of this retrospective, single-centre case study comprised 289 patients dying between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2004 and registered in the Cause of Death Register of a teaching hospital. All compiled data were recorded by two observers especially trained to identify and report adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The degree of probability that the ADR led directly to death was determined by using WHO criteria and an adapted version of Naranjo's score. RESULTS: Among 289 deceased study subjects, 17 (5.9%) were suspected to have died from an ADR. The most common suspected FADRs were gastrointestinal hemorrhages (52.9%), central nervous system hemorrhages (17.6%), cardiac disorders (17.6%), drug-induced myelosuppression (6%) and antimicrobial-related enterocolitis (6%). The drugs most frequently implicated in a FADR were antithrombotic drugs (65%), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (47%) and corticosteroids (29%). The only risk factors associated with FADRs in this population were multiple-drug therapy and the presence of platelet antiaggregants and NSAIDs, alone or associated. CONCLUSIONS: FADRs are an important cause of death in hospitalized patients. Hemorrhages were seen in a majority of the fatal reactions, and antithrombotic agents or NSAIDs were implicated in most of these events.

[Acute liver failure following heat stroke]. / Fracaso hepático agudo tras golpe de calor.

Hepatic involvement during heat stroke appears frequently. In some severe and rare cases liver transplantation is needed. We report a case of a 31 years old man, amateur runner, who suffered heat stroke-related acute liver failure, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure and coagulation im-pairment during a marathon. High environmental temperature, exercise duration and height where race took place could be involved. Patient had a favourable course with conservative treatment being discharged in a few days.