Do pacto narcísico da branquitude à corresponsabilidade: um olhar para o complexo cultural racial / From the narcissistic pact of whiteness to co-responsibility: a look at the racial cultural complex / Del pacto narcisista de la blanquitud a la corresponsabilidad: una mirada al complejo cultural racial

Este artigo propõe uma revisão crítica acerca das questões raciais no Brasil e suas relações com a psicologia junguiana e pós-junguiana. Iniciamos com um breve resgate histórico. Em seguida, trouxemos alguns debates contemporâneos sobre o tema, identificando as principais publicações da psicologia pós-junguiana e suas relações com a clínica. A ideia de complexo cultural abre importantes chaves de compreensão, bem como algumas colocações da escola arquetípica sobre o assunto. Constata-se um forte complexo racial presente na vida psicológica brasileira, que perpassa o atendimento psicoterápico. Conclui-se a fundamental importância da escuta do múltiplo diante das tendências a um discurso homogêneo presente atualmente, de forma mais ou menos direta e violenta.

This article proposes a critical review of racial issues in Brazil and its relationship with Jungian and post-Jungian psychology. We begin with a brief historical review. Then, we brought some contemporary debates on the subject, identifying the main publications of post-Jungian psychology and its relationship with the clinical work. The idea of cultural complex opens important keys to analyze it, as well as some ideas of the archetypal school on the subject. There is a strong racial complex present in Brazilian psychological life, which permeates psychotherapeutic care. As a conclusion we point out the fundamental importance of listening to the multiple in the face of a homogeneous discourse present today, in a more or less direct and violent way.

Este artículo propone una revisión crítica de las cuestiones raciales en Brasil y su relación con la psicología junguiana y posjunguiana. Comenzamos con una breve reseña histórica. Luego, trajimos algunos debates contemporáneos sobre el tema, identificando las principales publicaciones de la psicología posjunguiana y su relación con la clínica. La idea de complejo cultural abre importantes claves de comprensión, así como algunos posicionamientos de la escuela arquetípica sobre el tema. Hay un fuerte complejo racial presente en la vida psicológica brasileña, que impregna la atención psicoterapéutica. Concluye la importancia fundamental de la escucha de lo múltiple frente a las tendencias hacia un discurso homogéneo presentes en la actualidad, de forma más o menos directa y violenta.

Serotonin-1A receptor CC genotype is associated with persistent depression related to interferon-alpha in hepatitis C patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the development of depression during interferon-alpha (IFN-α) therapy and the variations in the expression of the serotonin receptor (5-HTR) and transporter (5-HTT) in hepatitis C patients. METHOD: Hepatitis C patients (n=277) were given the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview at the end of IFN-α therapy. Three polymorphisms were genotyped: the serotonin transporter repeat length polymorphic region [5-HTT gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR)], as well as SNPs rs25531 and rs6295, located within the 5-HTTLPR and the transcriptional control region of the 5-HTR1A gene, respectively. RESULTS: The diagnosis of current depression, which was associated with IFN-α-related depression (P<.001), demonstrated a statistically significant association with the CC genotype of the 5-HTR1A gene (odds ratio=5.57, 95% confidence interval=1.61-19.24, P=.007). CONCLUSIONS: Persistent depression may represent a more specific type of IFN-α-related psychopathology. Future studies need to investigate the genetic risk factors for vulnerability associated with persistent depression. Limitations, such as the study's cross-sectional design, small sample size and retrospective assessment of IFN-α-induced depression diagnosis, must be taken into account while interpreting the results found in this study.

Lack of association of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase polymorphisms with interferon-alpha-related depression in hepatitis C.

BACKGROUND: Major depression is a frequent adverse effect of interferon-alpha (IFN-α) therapy. Although the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme seems to be involved in the pathophysiology of IFN-α-induced depression, no pharmacogenetic study has investigated whether variation in the IDO gene modifies vulnerability to this adverse effect. METHODS: A cross-sectional study assessing 277 hepatitis C patients recruited in two specialized outpatient clinics of Brazil. They were interviewed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) approximately 1 month after the end of IFN-α plus ribavirin therapy. Genomic DNA of individuals was extracted from venous blood. Three IDO single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped (rs3824259; rs10089084 and rs35099072). RESULTS: MINI indicated that 21.3% of the sample met criteria for a major depressive episode during the course of IFN-α therapy. No association with the diagnosis of a major depressive episode during the course of IFN-α therapy was observed genotype or allele-wise (p>0.05). Current major depression and/or current anxiety disorder was significantly associated with IFN-α-related depression (p<0.005). However, gender, age, route of infection, result of the antiviral treatment, past history of substance use disorders, depression or any other psychiatric disorder showed no association with IFN-α-related depression (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest no influence of the variants in the IDO gene and the diagnosis of interferon-α-related depression in the Brazilian population. Interferon-α-related depression may impose persistent psychopathology on at least 15% of the depressed patients even 2 years after antiviral therapy termination. The cross-sectional design is a limitation of our study, predisposing memory bias. Prospective pharmacogenetic studies are warranted to continue investigation of the impact of IDO polymorphisms on the development of IFN-α-induced depression.