Assessing Amylose Content with Iodine and Con A Methods, In Vivo Digestion Profile, and Thermal Properties of Amylosucrase-Treated Waxy Corn Starch.

In this study, waxy corn starch was modified with 230 U or 460 U of amylosucrase (AS) from Neisseria polysaccharea (NP) to elongate the glucan. The amylose content of the AS-modified starches was determined using iodine and concanavalin A (Con A) methods, and their in vivo digestion, thermal, swelling, and pasting properties were evaluated. The amylose content of AS-treated starches was not significantly different (p > 0.05) when using the Con A method but was significantly higher than that of non-AS-treated samples when using the iodine method. In vivo, rats fed AS-treated starch had significantly lower blood glucose levels at 15 min than other rats; rats fed 460 U AS had lower blood glucose levels at 30 and 60 min than non-AS-treated rats. DSC analysis revealed that AS-treated starches exhibited higher initial, melting, and completion temperatures. Minimal volume expansion was observed by swelling factor analysis, while a Rapid Visco Analyzer assessment revealed that they had higher pasting onset temperatures, lower peak viscosities, and no trough viscosity compared to native starch. The elongated glucans in AS-treated starch reinforced their crystalline structure and increased slowly digestible and enzyme-resistant starch content. Overall, AS-treated starch showed unique thermal properties and a reduced blood glucose index upon administration. This distinctive characteristic of NPAS-treated starch makes it a good candidate food or non-food material for cosmetic products, medical materials, and adhesives.

Recruitment of the rhizo-microbiome army: assembly determinants and engineering of the rhizosphere microbiome as a key to unlocking plant potential.

The viable community of microorganisms in the rhizosphere significantly impacts the physiological development and vitality of plants. The assembly and functional capacity of the rhizosphere microbiome are greatly influenced by various factors within the rhizosphere. The primary factors are the host plant genotype, developmental stage and status, soil properties, and resident microbiota. These factors drive the composition, dynamics, and activity of the rhizosphere microbiome. This review addresses the intricate interplay between these factors and how it facilitates the recruitment of specific microbes by the host plant to support plant growth and resilience under stress. This review also explores current methods for engineering and manipulating the rhizosphere microbiome, including host plant-mediated manipulation, soil-related methods, and microbe-mediated methods. Advanced techniques to harness the plant's ability to recruit useful microbes and the promising use of rhizo-microbiome transplantation are highlighted. The goal of this review is to provide valuable insights into the current knowledge, which will facilitate the development of cutting-edge strategies for manipulating the rhizosphere microbiome for enhanced plant growth and stress tolerance. The article also indicates promising avenues for future research in this field.

Analysis of Oligosaccharides in Korean Fermented Soybean Products by the Combination of Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography.

Doenjang (fermented soybean paste) and ganjang (soy sauce) are traditional fermented foods that are widely consumed in Korea. The oligosaccharides found in soybean and its fermented foods have great potential to improve the quality of foods; however, their structural details have not been well studied. In this study, we used advanced mass spectrometry and gas chromatography to analyze oligosaccharides and their monomeric composition in two fermented soybean products. In both foods, oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization ranging from 3 to 7 were found. Their constituent monosaccharides were characterized; galactose, xylose, arabinose, and rhamnose were the predominant constituents of the oligosaccharides, and fucose, fructose, mannose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine were also found. The great structural diversity of the oligosaccharides found suggests that soybean carbohydrates are hydrolyzed and/or transformed during fermentation and may yield novel oligosaccharides.

Anticancer Activity of Continentalic Acid in B-Cell Lymphoma.

Aralia continentalis has been used in Korea as a folk remedy for arthralgia, rheumatism, and inflammation. However, its anti-lymphoma effect remains uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate that A. continentalis extract and its three diterpenes efficiently kill B-lymphoma cells. Our in vitro and in vivo results suggest that the cytotoxic activities of continentalic acid, a major diterpene from A. continentalis extract, are specific towards cancer cells while leaving normal murine cells and tissues unharmed. Mechanistically, continentalic acid represses the expression of pro-survival Bcl-2 family members, such as Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. It dissociates the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to the stimulation of effector caspase 3/7 activities and, ultimately, cell death. Intriguingly, this agent therapeutically synergizes with roflumilast, a pan-PDE4 inhibitor that has been successfully repurposed for the treatment of aggressive B-cell malignancies in recent clinical tests. Our findings unveiled that A. continentalis extract and three of the plant's diterpenes exhibit anti-cancer activities. We also demonstrate the synergistic inhibitory effect of continentalic acid on the survival of B-lymphoma cells when combined with roflumilast. Taken in conjunction, continentalic acid may hold significant potential for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma.

Evolution of Food Fermentation Processes and the Use of Multi-Omics in Deciphering the Roles of the Microbiota.

Food fermentation has been practised since ancient times to improve sensory properties and food preservation. This review discusses the process of fermentation, which has undergone remarkable improvement over the years, from relying on natural microbes and spontaneous fermentation to back-slopping and the use of starter cultures. Modern biotechnological approaches, including genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9, have been investigated and hold promise for improving the fermentation process. The invention of next-generation sequencing techniques and the rise of meta-omics tools have advanced our knowledge on the characterisation of microbiomes involved in food fermentation and their functional roles. The contribution and potential advantages of meta-omics technologies in understanding the process of fermentation and examples of recent studies utilising multi-omics approaches for studying food-fermentation microbiomes are reviewed. Recent technological advances in studying food fermentation have provided insights into the ancient wisdom in the practice of food fermentation, such as the choice of substrates and fermentation conditions leading to desirable properties. This review aims to stimulate research on the process of fermentation and the associated microbiomes to produce fermented food efficiently and sustainably. Prospects and the usefulness of recent advances in molecular tools and integrated multi-omics approaches are highlighted.

Effects of the Addition of Herbs on the Properties of Doenjang.

Three types of doenjang, a fermented soybean paste, were prepared by adding coriander (CR), Korean mint (KM), and peppermint (PM) and compared to the control group (CN) by studying their metabolite profiles and antioxidant activities followed by different fermentation periods (1, 30, and 150 days, respectively). The primary metabolome was analyzed by GC-TOF-MS, and 36 of metabolites were identified in four types of doenjang samples (CN, CR, KM, and PM). Samples were clustered based on the herb type and fermentation period in PCA and PLS-DA analysis. For the secondary metabolome analysis, UHPLC-Q-orbitrap-MS was used, and 26 metabolites were identified. The statistical analysis showed that the samples were clustered by herb type rather than fermentation period, and the samples containing KM and PM were located in the same group. The DPPH assay showed that PM-containing doenjang had the highest antioxidant activity. Correlation analysis indicated that organic acids such as lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, uracil, vanillic acid, and quinic acid showed positive correlation with the DPPH activity. Overall, our results demonstrated that incorporating herbs in doenjang during fermentation caused significant shifts (p-value < 0.05) in the doenjang metabolites and antioxidant activity. Hence, herbs could be utilized for enhancing doenjang fermentation.

Dracocephalum palmatum Stephan extract induces caspase­ and mitochondria­dependent apoptosis via Myc inhibition in diffuse large B cell lymphoma.

Dracocephalum palmatum Stephan (DPS), a medicinal plant used by Russian nomads, has been known to exhibit antioxidant properties. However, to the best of our knowledge, its anticancer effect has not been elucidated. The present study aimed to evaluate the tumor­suppressive effect of DPS extract (DPSE) in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and the underlying mechanism. MTS assays and Annexin V staining were performed to assess the anti­proliferative and apoptotic effects of DPSE, respectively. To reveal the underlying mechanisms, the levels of pro­ and anti­apoptotic Bcl­2 members were analyzed by western blotting. Rescue experiments were performed to investigate the potential involvement of Myc in DPSE­induced tumor­inhibitory effects. Additionally, high­performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed to analyze the components with anticancer effects. Exposure of multiple DLBCL cell lines to DPSE significantly decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis, whereas it had no effect on the survival of normal cells in vitro and in vivo. This indicates that its cytotoxic effect may be specific to cancer cells. Mechanistically, cell death induced by DPSE was dependent on the activation of caspase­3/7 and the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. Treatment with the extract ameliorated the expression of anti­apoptotic Bcl­2 members Bcl­xL and Mcl­1, and upregulated that of pro­apoptotic Bcl­2 members Bax and Bak. These modulations led to the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, which culminated in the activation of executioner caspases­3 and ­7. Notably, overexpression of Myc inhibited DPSE­induced cell killing, indicating the involvement of Myc in this process. Given that dysregulation of Myc is strongly associated with the pathobiology of DLBCL, the present study highlights the potential therapeutic efficacy of DPSE in patients with DLBCL with aberrant Myc expression. Furthermore, fractionation of DPSE by thin layer chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry­based investigation of the fraction with bioactive compounds demonstrated that flavonoids may be responsible for most, if not all, of the anti­lymphoma effect. Efforts to identify the bioactive flavonoids is currently underway.

Addition of Coriander during Fermentation of Korean Soy Sauce (Gangjang) Causes Significant Shift in Microbial Composition and Reduction in Biogenic Amine Levels.

The microflora of Korean soy sauce (gangjang) play an important role in maintaining its quality and safety. Hence, it is important to study the microflora and the possible approaches to improve their composition. In this study, the effect of adding coriander during soy sauce fermentation on the microflora and biogenic amines was evaluated using metagenomics and 1H NMR analyses, respectively. The ß-diversity showed a clear distinction between the microbiota of the coriander and control groups. Microbial composition analysis revealed noticeable shifts, as Firmicutes abundance was significantly higher in the coriander group (91.77%) than that in the control (38.78%). The dominant bacterial family in the coriander group was the Bacillaceae (57.94%), while Halomonadaceae was dominant in the control group (49.77%). At the species level, Chromohalobacter beijerinckii dominated the microbial community in the control group (49.54%), but not (4.43%) in the coriander group. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between the Bacillaceae and several other bacterial families, including Halomonadaceae, which indicated a possible antagonism and partly explained the reduction in Chromohalobacter abundance in the coriander group. The levels of the biogenic amines histamine, putrescine, and tyramine, which are considered potential health risk factors, were significantly lower in the coriander soy sauce than those in the control sauce. The results of this study suggest that the addition of coriander during Korean soy sauce fermentation is beneficial, as coriander significantly reduces the levels of biogenic amines and the bacteria that produce them.

Effect of Seafood (Gizzard Shad) Supplementation on the Chemical Composition and Microbial Dynamics of Radish Kimchi during Fermentation.

This study investigated the impact of supplementing radish kimchi with slices of gizzard shad, Konosirus punctatus (boneless - BLGS, or whole - WGS) on the kimchi's chemical and microbial composition for different fermentation durations. Higher levels of amino nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were observed in the supplemented kimchi groups compared to those in the control and further, Ca and P levels were highest in the WGS kimchi group. Microbial composition analysis revealed noticeable differences between the three groups at different fermentation durations. The predominant species changed from Leuconostoc rapi to Lactobacillus sakei at the optimal- and over-ripening stages in the control kimchi group. The predominant species in the BLGS kimchi group was L. rapi at all stages of fermentation, whereas the predominant species in the WGS kimchi group was L. rapi at the optimal-ripening stage, and both L. sakei and L. rapi at the over-ripening stage. Significant correlations were observed by analysis of the Spearman's rank between and within the chemical and microbial composition over fermentation durations. Altogether, gizzard shad supplementation may be used to optimize the desired microbial population to obtain the preferable fresh kimchi flavour by the release of certain inorganic elements and amino N.

Comparison of the Structural Properties and Nutritional Fraction of Corn Starch Treated with Thermophilic GH13 and GH57 α-Glucan Branching Enzymes.

Two thermophilic 1,4-α-glucan branching enzymes (GBEs), CbGBE from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii and PhGBE from Pyrococcus horikoshii, which belong to the glycoside hydrolase family 13 and 57 respectively, were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Two GBEs were identified to have α-1,6 branching activity against various substrates, but substrate specificity was distinct. Starch was modified by two GBEs and their in vitro digestibility and structural properties were investigated. Short-branched A chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 6-12 increased with CbGBE-modified starch, increasing the proportion of slow digestible and resistant starch (RS) fractions. PhGBE-modified starch resulted in an increase in the RS fraction only by a slight increase in part of A chains (DP, 6-9). Compared to the proportion of control not treated with GBE, the proportion of α-1,6 linkages in CbGBE- and PhGBE-modified starch increased by 3.1 and 1.6 times. 13C cross polarization/magic angle sample spinning (CP/MAS) NMR and XRD pattern analysis described that GBE-modified starches reconstructed double helices but not the crystalline structure. Taken together, CbGBE and PhGBE showed distinct branching activities, resulting in different α-1,6 branching ratios and chain length distribution, and double helices amount of starch, ultimately affecting starch digestibility. Therefore, these GBEs can be used to produce customized starches with controlled digestion rates.

Disruption of the Myc-PDE4B regulatory circuitry impairs B-cell lymphoma survival.

A large body of evidence suggests that B-cell lymphomas with enhanced Myc expression are associated with an aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis, which makes Myc a compelling therapeutic target. Phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B), a main hydrolyzer of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in B cells, was shown to be involved in cell survival and drug resistance in diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL). However, the interrelationship between Myc and PDE4B remains unclear. Here, we first demonstrate the presence of the Myc-PDE4B feed-forward loop, in which Myc and PDE4B mutually reinforce the expression of each other. Next, the combined targeting of Myc and PDE4 synergistically prevented the proliferation and survival of B lymphoma cells in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. We finally recapitulated this combinatorial effect in Eµ-myc transgenic mice; co-inhibition of Myc and PDE4 suppressed lymphomagenesis and restored B cell development to the wild type level that was associated with marked reduction in Myc levels, unveiling the critical role of the Myc-PDE4B amplification loop in the regulation of Myc expression and the pathogenesis of B cell lymphoma. These findings suggest that the disruption of the Myc-PDE4B circuitry can be exploited in the treatment of B cell malignancies.

Effect of Kombucha on gut-microbiota in mouse having non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver disorders. Possible links have been recently found between the gut-microbiota and the host metabolism in development of NAFLD and obesity. Therefore, understanding the changes in intestinal microbiota during the progression of NAFLD, is important. In this study, the effect of Kombucha tea (KT), obtained by microbial fermentation of sugared black tea, was investigated on gut-microbiota during the progression of NAFLD. The results indicated a decrease in Erysipelotrichia class by treatment with KT in comparison to the methionine/choline-deficient (MCD)-fed db/db mice. Allobaculum, Turicibacter, and Clostridium genera, were only detected in MCD-fed db/db mice and were decreased after treatment with KT, whereas Lactobacillus was more abundant in MCD + KT-fed mice than in MCD only-fed mice and Mucispirillum, was found only in the MCD + KT-fed mice group. Our results demonstrated that the change of intestinal microbiota was influenced by KT intake, contributing to combat NAFLD.

Profiling of glucose-induced transcription in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius DSM 639.

Sulfolobus species can grow on a variety of organic compounds as carbon and energy sources. These species degrade glucose to pyruvate by the modified branched Entner-Doudoroff pathway. We attempted to determine the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under sugar-limited and sugar-rich conditions. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to quantify the expression of the genes and identify those DEGs between the S. acidocaldarius cells grown under sugar-rich (YT with glucose) and sugar-limited (YT only) conditions. The functions and pathways of the DEGs were examined using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to validate the DEGs. Transcriptome analysis of the DSM 639 strain grown on sugar-limited and sugar-rich media revealed that 853 genes were differentially expressed, among which 481 were upregulated and 372 were downregulated under the glucose-supplemented condition. In particular, 70 genes showed significant changes in expression levels of ≥ twofold. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the genes encoding components of central carbon metabolism, the respiratory chain, and protein and amino acid biosynthetic machinery were upregulated under the glucose condition. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses indicated that the sulfur assimilation genes (Saci_2197-2204) including phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase and sulfite reductase were significantly upregulated in the presence of glucose. The present study revealed metabolic networks in S. acidocaldarius that are induced in a glucose-dependent manner, improving our understanding of biomass production under sugar-rich conditions.

Genome-Wide Analysis of Type VI System Clusters and Effectors in Burkholderia Species.

Type VI secretion system (T6SS) has been discovered in a variety of gram-negative bacteria as a versatile weapon to stimulate the killing of eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic competitors. Type VI secretion effectors (T6SEs) are well known as key virulence factors for important pathogenic bacteria. In many Burkholderia species, T6SS has evolved as the most complicated secretion pathway with distinguished types to translocate diverse T6SEs, suggesting their essential roles in this genus. Here we attempted to detect and characterize T6SSs and potential T6SEs in target genomes of plant-associated and environmental Burkholderia species based on computational analyses. In total, 66 potential functional T6SS clusters were found in 30 target Burkholderia bacterial genomes, of which 33% possess three or four clusters. The core proteins in each cluster were specified and phylogenetic trees of three components (i.e., TssC, TssD, TssL) were constructed to elucidate the relationship among the identified T6SS clusters. Next, we identified 322 potential T6SEs in the target genomes based on homology searches and explored the important domains conserved in effector candidates. In addition, using the screening approach based on the profile hidden Markov model (pHMM) of T6SEs that possess markers for type VI effectors (MIX motif) (MIX T6SEs), 57 revealed proteins that were not included in training datasets were recognized as novel MIX T6SE candidates from the Burkholderia species. This approach could be useful to identify potential T6SEs from other bacterial genomes.

Genomic Features and Insights into the Taxonomy, Virulence, and Benevolence of Plant-Associated Burkholderia Species.

The members of the Burkholderia genus are characterized by high versatility and adaptability to various ecological niches. With the availability of the genome sequences of numerous species of Burkholderia, many studies have been conducted to elucidate the unique features of this exceptional group of bacteria. Genomic and metabolic plasticity are common among Burkholderia species, as evidenced by their relatively large multi-replicon genomes that are rich in insertion sequences and genomic islands and contain a high proportion of coding regions. Such unique features could explain their adaptability to various habitats and their versatile lifestyles, which are reflected in a multiplicity of species including free-living rhizospheric bacteria, plant endosymbionts, legume nodulators, and plant pathogens. The phytopathogenic Burkholderia group encompasses several pathogens representing threats to important agriculture crops such as rice. Contrarily, plant-beneficial Burkholderia have also been reported, which have symbiotic and growth-promoting roles. In this review, the taxonomy of Burkholderia is discussed emphasizing the recent updates and the contributions of genomic studies to precise taxonomic positioning. Moreover, genomic and functional studies on Burkholderia are reviewed and insights are provided into the mechanisms underlying the virulence and benevolence of phytopathogenic and plant-beneficial Burkholderia, respectively, on the basis of cutting-edge knowledge.

Characterization of Newly Bred Cordyceps militaris Strains for Higher Production of Cordycepin through HPLC and URP-PCR Analysis.

Cordyceps militaris, a member of Ascomycota, a mushroom referred to as caterpillar Dongchung-ha-cho, is commercially valuable because of its high content of bioactive substances, including cordycepin, and its potential for artificial cultivation. Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) is highly associated with the pharmacological effects of C. militaris. C. militaris is heterothallic in that two mating-type loci, idiomorph MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, exist discretely in two different spores. In this study, nine C. militaris strains were mated with each other to prepare newly bred strains that produced a larger amount of cordycepin than the parent strains. Nine strains of C. militaris were identified by comparing the internal transcribed spacer sequence, and a total of 12 single spores were isolated from the nine strains of C. militaris. After the MAT idiomorph was confirmed by PCR, 36 mating combinations were performed with six single spores with MAT1-1 and the others with MAT1-2. Eight mating combinations were successfully mated, producing stroma with perithecia. Cordycepin content analysis of all strains by high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that the KASP4-bred strain produced the maximum cordycepin among all strains, regardless of the medium and stroma parts. Finally, universal rice primer-PCR was performed to demonstrate that the bred strains were genetically different from the parental strains and new C. militaris strains. These results may be related to the recombination of genes during mating. The newly produced strains can be used to meet the industrial demand for cordycepin. In addition, breeding through mating suggests the possibility of producing numerous cordycepin-producing C. militaris strains.

Development of High Cordycepin-Producing Cordyceps militaris Strains.

Cordyceps militaris, known as Dong-Chong-Xia-Cao, produces the most cordycepin among Cordyceps species and can be cultured artificially. For these reasons, C. militaris is widely used as herb or functional food in the East Asia. In this study, we developed a new strain of C. militaris that produces higher cordycepin content than parent strains through mating-based sexual reproduction. Twenty parent strains were collected and identified as C. militaris based on internal trasncrived spacer and rDNA sequences. Seven single spores of MAT 1-1 idiomorph and five single spores of MAT 1-2 idiomorph were isolated from 12 parent strains. When 35 combinations were mated on the brown rice medium with the isolated single spores, eight combinations formed a stroma with a normal perithecia and confirmed mated strains. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis showed that mated strain KSP8 produced the most cordycepin in all the media among all the tested strains. This result showed due to genetic recombination occurring during the sexual reproduction of C. militaris. The development of C. militaris strain with increased cordycepin content by this approach can help not only to generate new C. militaris strains, but also to contribute to the health food or medicine industry.

Computational Identification and Comparative Analysis of Secreted and Transmembrane Proteins in Six Burkholderia Species.

As a step towards discovering novel pathogenesis-related proteins, we performed a genome scale computational identification and characterization of secreted and transmembrane (TM) proteins, which are mainly responsible for bacteria-host interactions and interactions with other bacteria, in the genomes of six representative Burkholderia species. The species comprised plant pathogens (B. glumae BGR1, B. gladioli BSR3), human pathogens (B. pseudomallei K96243, B. cepacia LO6), and plant-growth promoting endophytes (Burkholderia sp. KJ006, B. phytofirmans PsJN). The proportions of putative classically secreted proteins (CSPs) and TM proteins among the species were relatively high, up to approximately 20%. Lower proportions of putative type 3 non-classically secreted proteins (T3NCSPs) (~10%) and unclassified non-classically secreted proteins (NCSPs) (~5%) were observed. The numbers of TM proteins among the three clusters (plant pathogens, human pathogens, and endophytes) were different, while the distribution of these proteins according to the number of TM domains was conserved in which TM proteins possessing 1, 2, 4, or 12 TM domains were the dominant groups in all species. In addition, we observed conservation in the protein size distribution of the secreted protein groups among the species. There were species-specific differences in the functional characteristics of these proteins in the various groups of CSPs, T3NCSPs, and unclassified NCSPs. Furthermore, we assigned the complete sets of the conserved and unique NCSP candidates of the collected Burkholderia species using sequence similarity searching. This study could provide new insights into the relationship among plant-pathogenic, human-pathogenic, and endophytic bacteria.

The structural characteristics of amylosucrase-treated waxy corn starch and relationship between its in vitro digestibility.

The glucotransferase amylosucrase (AS) influences the structural properties of starch, but its precise effects are unclear. The structural characteristics and in vitro digestibility of waxy corn starch modified by AS from Neisseria polysaccharea were examined. AS-treated starch exhibited a higher slowly digestible starch (SDS) fraction, the weak B-type polymorph, lower relative crystallinity, and lower double helix content than those of native starches based on X-ray diffractometry, solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR, and FT-IR. AS-treated starches exhibited increased proportions of degree of polymerization (DP) 25-36 and DP≥37 chains. Higher SDS and resistant (RS) fractions, higher proportions of DP 25-36 and DP≥37 chains, more double helices, higher relative crystallinity, and less difference between double helix and relative crystallinity were observed for starch treated with 460 U than with 230 U of AS. AS re-built the double-helical and rearranged crystalline structure of gelatinized starch and consequently influenced the SDS and RS fractions.

Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Their Characteristic Properties and Therapeutic Applications.

Interest in "green nanotechnology" in nanoparticle biosynthesis is growing among researchers. Nanotechnologies, due to their physicochemical and biological properties, have applications in diverse fields, including drug delivery, sensors, optoelectronics, and magnetic devices. This review focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant sources. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an eco-friendly approach, which should be further explored for the potential of different plants to synthesize nanoparticles. The sizes of AgNPs are in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Characterization of synthesized nanoparticles is accomplished through UV spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. AgNPs have great potential to act as antimicrobial agents. The green synthesis of AgNPs can be efficiently applied for future engineering and medical concerns. Different types of cancers can be treated and/or controlled by phytonanotechnology. The present review provides a comprehensive survey of plant-mediated synthesis of AgNPs with specific focus on their applications, e.g., antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.