Issues in defining/extracting collocations in Japanese and Korean: Empirical implications for building a collocation database.

Collocations in Japanese and Korean have been studied extensively based on statistical tools. The criteria for collocations in these languages, however, have not been fully established in the literature, and it is not obvious whether all statistically significant combinations of words could be regarded as collocations. In this article, we point out empirical problems in extracting collocations in Japanese and Korean, and provide a standard for identifying collocations (to be separated from "free combination" and "idiom") in these languages. We concentrate on the discussion of empirical aspects of collocation research, rather than the statistical analyses of collocational patterns. As a preliminary to developing a database for Japanese-Korean contrastive work on collocations, the present study focuses on ten "Chinese-words" (). We show that (i) the co-occurring verbs for eight Chinese-words in Korean all carry over to Japanese (but not vice versa); (ii) in the other two cases, Korean exhibits co-occurring verbs not found in Japanese; (iii) language-specific patterns of verb co-occurring are also observed in some instances. Overall, it is indicated that a much wider variety of co-occurring verbs are found in Japanese than in Korean.

The effect and safety of the antithrombotic therapies in patients with atrial fibrillation and CHADS score 1.

BACKGROUND: The revised ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guideline recommends either aspirin or warfarin for the prevention of ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) in CHADS(2) score 1. We hypothesized that warfarin is superior to aspirin therapy for the prevention of stroke without increasing bleeding complication in AF patients with CHADS(2) score 1. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 1,502 patients (mean 62.4 +/- 13.8 years old, male 65.4%) who were treated for nonvalvular AF without previous stroke, the number of patients with CHADS(2) score 1 was 422 (62.9 +/- 10.7 years old, male 290 [68.7%]) and their antithrombotic therapies were as follows: warfarin (n = 143), aspirin (n = 124), other antiplatelet (n = 45), and no antithrombosis (none: n = 110). We reviewed the incidences of ischemic stroke, mortality, and bleeding complications during the follow-up period. Results were: (1) during 22.3 +/- 17.8 months of follow-up, the incidence of ischemic stroke was significantly lower in warfarin (6 patients, 4.2%, mean international normalized ratio [INR] 2.0 +/- 0.5 IU) than in aspirin (16 patients, 12.9%, P = 0.008) than none (23 patients, 20.9%, P < 0.001) without differences in all-cause mortality. (2) The incidence of major bleeding (decrease in hemoglobin >or=2 g/dL, requiring hospitalization or red blood cell transfusion >or=2 pints) was not different between warfarin (2.1%) and aspirin (0.8%, P = NS), but minor bleeding was more common in warfarin (10.5%) than in aspirin (2.4%, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: In AF patients with CHADS(2) score 1, warfarin was better to prevent ischemic stroke than aspirin without increasing the incidence of major bleeding complications. However, the incidence of minor bleeding was higher in the warfarin group than the aspirin group.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with primary ovarian non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The primary ovarian lymphoma is a rare disease with poor prognosis. The incidence of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is estimated at 3%. However, a substantial portion of the previously reported cases of ovarian lymphoma actually represented ovarian involvement by more diffuse lymphomatous process. If stringent criteria are used for case selection, true primary ovarian lymphoma usually carries a favorable prognosis. We present a primary malignant lymphoma of ovary accompanied by autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a 29-yr-old patient. After ablative surgery, the hemoglobin level and the reticulocyte count were normalized. One year following surgery and chemotherapy, the patient is alive and disease free.