Oral health among prisoners of District Jail, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India - A cross-sectional study.

AIM: Prisoners are at risk from a range of health related problems, caused by a number of factors. This study was conducted to assess the impact of incarceration on oral health among the prisoners of Haridwar District Jail, Uttarakhand state. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A total of 573 inmates (534 males and 39 females) comprised the total study population. Oral health was examined with the Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, and by measuring pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). RESULTS: The age of the study participants ranged between 18 to 90 years with a mean age of 46.14 ± 15.29 years. The overall mean DMFT score was 5.40±6.49, with a prevalence of 77%. A significant difference (P=0.001) was found when the mean score of DMFT was compared to the period of incarceration, where the highest mean score was 6.97±7.69 for 5-10 years. DISCUSSION: There was a significant difference found for DMFT among inmates based on a period of incarceration. Gender and period of incarceration had no significant impact on the severity of periodontal diseases among jail inmates. Longitudinal studies are required to find out the causal association between incarceration and oral health. Comprehensive and timely oral health care is required for this vulnerable population. CONCLUSION: The level of oral disease among jail inmates was high. There was a significant difference for DMFT among inmates based on the period of incarceration.

Salud bucodental de los reclusos del Centro Penitenciario del Distrito de Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India. Un estudio transversal / Oral health among prisoners of District Jail, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India - A cross-sectional study

Introducción: Los reclusos corren riesgos de padecer una variedad de problemas relacionados con la salud, provocados por unaserie de factores. Este estudio se llevó a cabo para evaluar el impacto del encarcelamiento sobre la salud dental de los reclusosdel Centro Penitenciario (CP) del Distrito de Haridwar, en el estado de Uttarakhand (India).Material y método: La población del estudio consistió en un total de 573 reclusos (534 hombres y 39 mujeres). Se utilizó el índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados (CPO-D) para establecer la salud dental, y se tomaron medidas de la profundidadde las bolsas (PB) y la perdida de inserción clínica (PIC).Resultados: La edad de los participantes del estudio variaban entre 18 y 90 años, con una mediana de edad de 46,14 ± 15,29 años.La puntuación general del CPO-D fue 5,40 ± 6,49, con una prevalencia de 77%. Se encontró una diferencia significativa (P =0,001) cuando se comparó la puntuación media de CPO-D con el periodo de encarcelación, en el que la puntuación media fue6,97 ± 7,69 para 5-10 años.Discusión: Se encontró una diferencia significativa para CPO-D entre reclusos basada en el periodo de encarcelamiento. El sexoy el periodo de encarcelamiento no tuvo un impacto significativo sobre la severidad de enfermedades periodontales entre losreclusos. Se precisan estudios longitudinales para determinar la asociación causal entre el encarcelamiento y la salud dental. Serequieren además programas de salud y cuidados bucales integrales y oportunos para esta población vulnerable.Conclusión: Los niveles de enfermedades orales entre los reclusos fueron elevados. Hubo una diferencia en el CPO-D entre losreclusos según el periodo de encarcelamiento. (AU)

Aim: Prisoners are at risk from a range of health related problems, caused by a number of factors. This study was conducted toassess the impact of incarceration on oral health among the prisoners of Haridwar District Jail, Uttarakhand state.Material and method: A total of 573 inmates (534 males and 39 females) comprised the total study population. Oral health was examinedwith the Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, and by measuring pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL).Results: The age of the study participants ranged between 18 to 90 years with a mean age of 46.14 ± 15.29 years. The overallmean DMFT score was 5.40±6.49, with a prevalence of 77%. A significant difference (P=0.001) was found when the mean scoreof DMFT was compared to the period of incarceration, where the highest mean score was 6.97±7.69 for 5-10 years. Discussion: There was a significant difference found for DMFT among inmates based on a period of incarceration. Genderand period of incarceration had no significant impact on the severity of periodontal diseases among jail inmates. Longitudinalstudies are required to find out the causal association between incarceration and oral health. Comprehensive and timely oralhealth care is required for this vulnerable population.Conclusion: The level of oral disease among jail inmates was high. There was a significant difference for DMFT among inmatesbased on the period of incarceration. (AU)

Effect of traditionally used neem and babool chewing stick (datun) on streptococcus mutans: an in-vitro study.

PURPOSE: There are various plants, which are used as chewing sticks in different parts of the world. Several studies have been reported on the antimicrobial effects of chewing sticks on oral bacteria. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of traditionally used neem and babool chewing sticks (datun) extracts on Streptococcus mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present invitro study was conducted to assess effectiveness of 5%, 10%, and 50% neem and babool extract on Streptococcus mutans. The ditch plate method was used to test the antimicrobial activity. Ditches were prepared on blood agar plates with the help of punch having 6mm diameter. The plates were left for 1h at room temperature and then incubated at 37°C for 48h and examined for zone of inhibition. RESULTS: There was no zone of inhibition observed with 5% babool and neem aqueous extract. There was significant difference in mean diameter of zone of inhibition of 10% neem and babool extract (p-value 0.001 < 0.05). Similarly the mean difference in 50% neem and babool extract was found to be significant (p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both neem and babool extracts had antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, while antimicrobial activity was significantly higher in neem aqueous extract than babool aqueous extract.

Periodontitis as risk factor for acute myocardial infarction: A case control study.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the periodontal status among the patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to investigate whether periodontitis is a risk factor for AMI or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 60 subjects, 30 subjects in each AMI group and control group was conducted. Details of risk factors like age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption were obtained through a personal interview. Medical history was retrieved from the medical file. The oral hygiene status was assessed by using a simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) and the periodontal status was assessed by community periodontal index (CPI) and loss of attachment (LOA) as per World Health Organization (WHO) methodology 1997. Chi-square test was used to analyze qualitative data whereas t-test and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for quantitative data. Multiple regression model was applied to check the risk factors for AMI. RESULTS: The mean OHI-S score for case and control group was 3.98 ± 0.70 and 3.11 ± 0.68, respectively, which was statistically highly significant ( P < 0.001). There was high severity of periodontitis (for both in terms of CPI and LOA) in the case group as compared with control group, that was found to be statistically highly significant ( P < 0.001). There was a significant result for OHI-S and LOA score with odds ratio of 0.13 and 0.79, respectively, when the multiple logistic regression model was applied. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study show evidence that those patients who have experienced myocardial infarction exhibit poor periodontal conditions in comparison to healthy subjects and suggest an association between chronic oral infections and myocardial infarction.