Evaluation of effectiveness of antiandrogen treatments on cavernosal tissues in rats.

In this study, we aimed to compare changes in cavernosal tissues in rats with antiandrogen treatment and orchiectomy. A total of 42 Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Group I, control group, Group II, LH-RH was given for 1 month, Group III-LH-RH + Bicalutamide was given for 1 month, and Group IV was defined as orchiectomy and followed up for 1 month. Measurements of intracavernosal pressure with different electrical stimuli and pathological findings of smooth muscle collagen in cavernosal tissues were examined. While the cavernosal pressure response in all the different electrical stimuli given in the control group and in all other groups was significantly lower than that in the other groups, it was statistically significant at 7.5 and 10 V (p = .005, p < 0001). According to the pathologic evaluation, the density of tissue collagen increased significantly in the other groups according to the control group. In groups 3 and 4, the density of 4+ collagen was found to be increased according to Groups 1 and 2. In the LH-RH alone group, it appears that there are no 4+ colloid density and less damage. According to these findings, the negative effect of LH-RH treatment on cavernosal tissues appears to be less.

Contralateral Testicular Metastasis of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report.

Testicular metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a very rare condition in the literature. In this case report, a 56-year-old man with RCC in the right kidney and metastasis of RCC to the left testicle detected 12 months after nephrectomy was assessed and discussed in the context of literature information.

The effects of oxytocin on penile tissues in experimental priapism model in rats.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of oxytocin on penile tissues in ischemia-reperfusion injury developed after priapism. METHODS: Forty Wistar Albino strain male rats were divided into four groups. The control group (n = 10) was not intervened. In Group 2, a rat model of priapism was constructed and maintained for 1 h. In Group 3, reperfusion was ensured for 30 min following priapism. Rats in Group 4 rats were given oxytocin 30 min before the induction of reperfusion following priapism. All rats were penectomized, and adequate amounts of blood sample were drawn. Inflammation, vasocongestion, desquamation, and edema in penile tissue were scored between 0 and 3 points (0: normal, 1: mild, 2: moderate, 3: severe) to evaluate the severity of tissue damage. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) in blood samples were determined spectrophotometrically. RESULTS: In histopathological examination, statistically significant positive changes were detected in vasocongestion, inflammation, desquamation, and edema scores in Group 4 than in Group 2 and Group 3 (p < 0.001). Biochemical test results revealed that NO levels were significantly lower in Group 4 than in Group 3 (p < 0.001). Serum GSH-Px activities in Group 4 significantly increased when compared with the other groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, respectively). There was no statistical difference among the groups regarding SOD activities and MDA levels (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Oxytocin protected against priapism-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury developed in cavernosal tissue as observed based on histopathological and biochemical evidence. Although this is an experimental study, oxytocin can be thought as an alternative drug in the treatment of priapism.

A pilot study assessing the association between paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphism and prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to show the relationship between paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphism and the development of prostate cancer (PCa). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We investigated the association of single nuclotide polymorphisms of PON1 enzyme with the development of PCa risk. A total of 147 male patients were divided into PCa, and control groups. The control group was also divided into two subgroups according to serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels as non PCa-high PSA (>4 ng/mL) and non PCa-low PSA (≤4 ng/mL) groups. RESULTS: The mean ages of the patients were 64.81 years, 63.27 years and 64.22 years in PCa group, non PCa-low PSA and non PCa -high PSA groups, respectively. The mean PSA levels were 10.9 ng/mL, 1.16 ng/mL and 6.63 ng/mL for PCa group, non PCa -low PSA and non PCa -high PSA groups, respectively. In terms of PON1 polymorphisms and allele frequencies, there were no statistically significant differences between PCa and control groups. There was not a statistically significant difference between PCa and non PCa-high PSA groups as for genotypic and allelic frequencies. As a result of this small sample sized hypothetical study of polymorphism, a relationship could not be detected between PCa development and PON1 gene polymorphism. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this preliminary study, it is thought that more comprehensive future studies are necessary to clarify the possible role of PON1 gene polymorphism in the etiology of PCa.

Evaluation of the effects of omega-3 & interferon alpha-2b administration on partial bladder outlet obstruction in a rat model.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: In bladder outlet obstruction-induced rat models, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) and collagen ratios have been shown to be increased. Increased TGF-ß leads to fibrosis. In this study, the effect of omega-3 and interferon alpha-2b (IFN α-2b) was investigated on oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in bladder structure in a partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) rat model. METHODS: A total of 35 male Wistar albino rats, weighing 300-350 g, were used in the study. The rats were randomly divided into five groups. At the end of the experimental period, bladders were harvested from all the rats, and pathological analysis of the rat bladder tissues was performed. In addition, investigations were carried out with enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems to study the antioxidant properties of omega-3 fatty acid and IFN alpha-2b. RESULTS: Increased bladder weight in the PBOO group, in comparison to the control group, was decreased by the administration of omega-3 and IFN α-2b (P=0.002). Significantly higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were detected in group 2 in comparison to the control group. It was also detected that serum SOD, glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide (NO) levels were significantly higher in group 2 when compared to the control group (P<0.05). In the pathologic evaluation, group 2 showed significantly increased inflammation and fibrosis compared to the control group. Omega-3 treatment significantly decreased inflammation. It was shown that IFN α-2b application partially decreased inflammation. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study showed that in addition to the standard primary approaches to prevent the damage to the upper urinary tract secondary to PBOO, omega-3 fatty acid and IFN α-2b could be beneficial as adjunct treatment in clinical practice. However, this needs to be further investigated with prospective, randomized clinical trials with larger sample sizes.

A pilot study of the association of manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase 1 single gene polymorphisms with prostate cancer and serum prostate specific antigen levels.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential association of single gene polymorphisms of the antioxidant enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) with prostate cancer (PCa). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase 1 genotypes and allele frequencies in 49 prostate cancer cases (PCa group) and 98 control subjects were determined. Analysis of genotypes in control group individuals were performed in two subgroups according to serum prostate-specific antigen levels: the control group (n = 49), with prostate specific antigen (PSA) level < 4 ng/ml; and the nonPCa-high PSA control group (n = 49), with serum PSA > 4 ng/ml. Determination of MnSOD Ala-9Val and GPX1 Pro198Leu polymorphisms was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction amplification. RESULTS: No association was found between GPX1 polymorphisms and PCa in all groups (p > 0.05). In the PCa group, the frequency of homozygote Val allele carriers was significantly higher in comparison to nonPCa-high PSA control cases. Therefore, Val/Val genotype was found significantly suspicious for PCa risk (OR = 2.48; 95% CI: 1.37-4.48; p = 0.002). Furthermore, an overall protective effect of the Ala allele of the MnSOD polymorphism on PCa risk was detected. These findings in this small Turkish population suggested that individual risk of PCa may be modulated by MnSOD polymorphism especially in patients with high PSA, but GPX1 polymorphism seemed to have no effect on PCa risk. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of genetic variants of antioxidant enzymes could have a potential influence on genesis of prostatic malignancy.

Comparison between ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacies of oral ciprofloxacin administration and oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) regimens in preventing infectious complications following transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 2011-2013, the medical records of 391 (mean age 64.62±7.64 years; range 40 to 87 years) patients who underwent transrectal prostate biopsies, due to suspicion of prostate cancer were retrospectively reviewed. While 500 mg ciprofloxacin was given orally twice daily starting one day before the procedure, continued for 3 days in the first 174 patients (group 1); was given orally twice daily starting one day before the procedure, continued for 3 days in the remaining 217 patients (group 2) for prophylaxis. Urine samples were obtained for urine culture before the procedure. The two groups were compared with respect to findings of urine cultures performed before and after the procedure and complications. RESULTS: In the ciprofloxacin and groups, any positive urine culture before the procedure was not observed. Complications occured in 93 patients (37 in group 1 and 56 in group 2), after the procedure. Twenty-two (5.6%) (11 in group 1 and 11 in group 2). patients were admitted to our clinic because of high fever occurring after biopsy. Nine ciprofloxacin-treated (5.2%) and 16 TMP-SMX-treated (7.4%) patients had severe dysuria after the procedure. Twenty-one ciprofloxacin recipients (12.1%) and 40 TMP-SMX recipients (18.4%) had macroscopic hematuria. In the ciprofloxacin and TMP-SMX groups, the incidences of new culture positivity were 4% (n=7) and 2.8% (n=6) after the procedure, respectively. All of the isolated bacteria was Escherichia coli. While 11 patients were hospitalized due to signs of complicated urinary tract infections, and 2 patients were treated as outpatients. Rectal bleeding that did not require any intervention was observed in a patient 8 hours after biopsy. SIRS findings were detected in two patients. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to age, prostate volume, prostate spesific antigen (PSA) levels, and results of urine culture performed after the procedure (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Despite the increasing resistance to antibiotics, ciprofloxacin and TMP-SMX are effective prophylactic treatment modalities for transrectal prostate biopsy. Both three-day ciprofloxacin and TMP-SMX regimens seem to be equally effective in the antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal prostate biopsy.

The effect of pentoxifylline on penile cavernosal tissues in ischemic priapism-induced rat model.

INTRODUCTION: Priapism is defined as persisting (>4 h), painful and abnormal tumescence that can occur without sexual stimulation. Three subtypes priapisms are seen-the non-ischemic priapism, intermittent and the ischemic priapism. In ischemic priapism, there is an abnormality in the veno-occlusive mechanism, resulting in venous stasis and accumulation of deoxygenated blood within the penile cavernosal tissue. Cavernosal tissue necrosis develops after extended period of ischemia and is eventually replaced by fibrotic tissue. It may results in erectile dysfunction if not treated promptly. Although, standard treatment of the ischemic priapism is penile aspiration and intracavernosal alpha-adrenergic agents, new oral agents have been investigated to reduce the cavernosal damage. In this study, the effect of different doses of pentoxifylline on cavernosal tissues was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six male Wistar albino rats, age 5.5-6 months and weighing 250-300 g, were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into five groups. In Group 1 (n = 7), the control group, only penectomy was performed. In Group 2 (n = 8), after 1 h of ischemic priapism, penectomy was performed. Group 3 (n = 7) received daily a 10 mg oral pentoxifylline for 4 weeks after 1 h of ischemic priapism, group 4 (n = 7) received a daily 30 mg oral pentoxifylline for 4 weeks after 1 h of ischemic priapism, and group 5 (n = 7) received a daily 100 mg oral pentoxifylline for 4 weeks after 1 h of ischemic priapism. At the completion of a 4-week period, penile tissues were obtained. Before penile tissues were obtained, intracavernosal pressures measured with electrical field stimulation and smooth muscle collagen ratio were evaluated pathologically. RESULTS: Electrical field stimulation-induced intracavernosal relaxation decreased in group 2 compared with group 1 (p < 0.05). Electrical field stimulation-induced relaxation enhanced in the group 3, 4 and 5 compared to group 2 (p < 0.05). In group 2, the collagen density was significantly higher than group 1. Administration of pentoxifylline reduced the collagen density caused by ischemic priapism in groups 3, 4 and 5 compared with group 2. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study showed that ischemic priapism caused damage in the penile tissues of rats, and treatment with pentoxifylline reduced the harmful effects of ischemic priapism.

The effect of sertraline, paroxetine, fluoxetine and escitalopram on testicular tissue and oxidative stress parameters in rats.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on testicular tissue and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 male Wistar albino rats, 5.5-6 months old, were equally divided at random into five groups: group 1 was the control group, group 2 received sertraline 10mg/kg (p.o), group 3 was administered fluoxetine 10mg/kg (p.o), group 4 received escitalopram 10mg/kg (p.o), and group 5 (n = 8) was administered paroxetine 20mg/kg. Each dose was administered orally for two months. Johnsen's criteria were used to categorize spermatogenesis. Johnsen's method assigns a score of 1 to 10 to each tubule cross-section examined. In this system, a Johnsen score of 9 and 10 indicates normal histology. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone levels were evaluated. Serum MDA levels were also measured. RESULTS: The mean Johnsen scores were 9.36 ± 0.33, 9.29 ± 0.32, 8.86 ± 0.48, 9.10 ± 0.56, and 8.33 ± 0.90 in control group, sertraline group, fluoxetine group, escitalopram group, and paroxetine group, respectively. The Johnsen score was significantly lower for paroxetine group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The mean FSH level increased only in the sertraline group. With the exception of the fluoxetine group, the testosterone levels were lower in all groups compared with the control group. The total testosterone level was significantly lower in the sertraline group compared with the control group [40.87 (22.37-46.8) vs. 15.87 (13.53-19.88), p < 0.01]. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the MDA and LH levels (p = 0.090 and p = 0.092). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that SSRIs have a negative effect on testicular tissues. This negative impact is markedly greater in the paroxetine group. To determine the exact mechanism of action of these drugs on testicular tissue, well-designed randomized controlled clinical studies are needed on a larger population.

The effect of Sertraline, Paroxetine, Fluoxetine and Escitalopram on testicular tissue and oxidative stress parameters in rats

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on testicular tissue and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rats. Materials and methods: A total of 40 male Wistar albino rats, 5.5-6 months old, were equally divided at random into five groups: group 1 was the control group, group 2 received sertraline 10mg/kg (p.o), group 3 was administered fluoxetine 10mg/kg (p.o), group 4 received escitalopram 10mg/kg (p.o), and group 5 (n = 8) was administered paroxetine 20mg/kg. Each dose was administered orally for two months. Johnsen’s criteria were used to categorize spermatogenesis. Johnsen’s method assigns a score of 1 to 10 to each tubule cross-section examined. In this system, a Johnsen score of 9 and 10 indicates normal histology. Serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone levels were evaluated. Serum MDA levels were also measured. Results: The mean Johnsen scores were 9.36 ± 0.33, 9.29 ± 0.32, 8.86 ± 0.48, 9.10 ± 0.56, and 8.33 ± 0.90 in control group, sertraline group, fluoxetine group, escitalopram group, and paroxetine group, respectively. The Johnsen score was significantly lower for paroxetine group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The mean FSH level increased only in the sertraline group. With the exception of the fluoxetine group, the testosterone levels were lower in all groups compared with the control group. The total testosterone level was significantly lower in the sertraline group compared with the control group [40.87 (22.37-46.8) vs. 15.87 (13.53-19.88), p < 0.01]. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to the MDA and LH levels (p = 0.090 and p = 0.092). Conclusion: These data suggest that SSRIs have a negative effect on testicular tissues. This negative impact is markedly greater in the paroxetine group. To determine the exact ...

The impact of non-hilar clamping open partial technique performed for the treatment of patients with small renal masses with lower R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry scores on renal functions during the early postoperative period.

OBJECTIVE: Herein, the impact of off-clamp open partial nephrectomy on early postoperative period renal functions were evaluated in patients with low RENAL nephrometry scoring small renal masses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients (12 women, and 11 men) who had undergone non-hilar clamping open partial nephrectomy in our clinic between the years 2010, and 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. Mean age, body mass index (BMI), operative time, blood loss, renal nephrometry score, mean hospital stay, pre-, and postoperative serum creatinine (Cr), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the patients were assessed. RESULTS: Mean age, BMI, tumor size, and preoperative renal nephrometry scores were 56.09±10.49 years (36-70 yrs), 24.81±2.44 kg/m(2), 3.68±1.125 cm, and 6.41±1.77 pts, respectively. Mean operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and hospital stay were detected as 139.14±33.60 min, 274.9±77.02 mL, and 4.27±1.12 days, respectively. Preoperative mean serum Cr, and GFR levels were 0.804±0.216 mg/dL, and 93.97±25.83 mL/min/1.73 m(2), respectively. Postoperative 1. day mean serum Cr, and GFR levels were 0.896±0.25 mg/dL, and 85.94±28.85 mL/min/1,73 m(2), while corresponding 3. month-values were 0.81±0.205 mg/dL, and 93.59±21.00 mL/dk/1.73 m(2), respectively. A statistically significant difference was not found between preoperative, and postoperative 3. month- serum Cr, and GFR levels. However, postoperative 3. month-serum Cr, and GFR levels were lower than corresponding values estimated on postoperative 1. day (p<0.016). CONCLUSION: One of the important considerations in partial nephrectomy is to preserve renal functions. Therefore, non-hilar clamping open partial nephrectomy should be taken into consideration for surgeons unexperienced especially in laparoscopic surgery with its lower morbidity, and complication rates.

Renal cell carcinoma of the kidney with synchronous ipsilateral transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis.

A 73-year-old man was admitted to our clinic with flank pain and gross macroscopic hematuria. Radiologic examination revealed a solid mass in the left kidney and additionally another mass in the ureteropelvic junction of the same kidney with severe hydronephrosis. Left nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff removel was performed, and histopathological evolution showed a Fuhrman grade 3 clear cell type RCC with low-grade TCC of the pelvis.

The effect of carvedilol on serum and tissue oxidative stress parameters in partial ureteral obstruction induced rat model.

Although the pathological mechanism underlying kidney damage is not completely understood, it has been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed during ureteral obstruction may play an important role in this process. Carvedilol has been used in a limited number of studies examining oxidative injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of carvedilol on serum and tissue oxidative stress parameters in the partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO)-induced rat model. To our knowledge, the protective effects of carvedilol in the PUUO-induced rat model have not been reported. Twenty-six male Wistar albino rats, age 5.5 to 6 months and weighing 250 to 300 g, were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into three groups. In Group 1 (n = 9), the control group, a sham operation was performed. In Group 2 (n = 8), the PUUO group, the left ureter was embedded into the psoas muscle to create PUUO and maintained for 7 days. In Group 3 (n = 9), carvedilol was orally administered to the rats (2 mg/kg). After the establishment of PUUO, carvedilol was given for the following 7 days. After partial unilateral ureteral obstruction, a nephrectomy was performed to determine the blood and tissue levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and nitric oxide (NO). The median SOD, MDA, PC, and NO levels in the tissues were 0.006 U/mg protein, 5.11 nmol/g protein, 4.31 nmol/mg protein, and 0.337 µmol/g protein in the control group, respectively. There was a significant increase in tissue SOD (p = 0.014), MDA (p = 0.002), and NO (p = 0.004) levels in Group 2. However, a statistically significant difference was not observed in PC (p = 0.847) enzymatic activity in Group 2. When compared with Group 2, carvedilol treatment caused a reduction in NO (p = 0.003), and PC (p = 0.001) activities in Group 3. The serum SOD (p = 0.004), MDA (p = 0.043), PC (p = 0.043), and NO (p = 0.001) levels were significantly different in Group 3 compared with Group 2. Administration of carvedilol also reduced the detrimental histopathologic effects caused by PUUO. According to histopathological examination of the renal tissues, the inflammation rates were 22.2%, 87.5% and 33.3% in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (p < 0.05). The results of the present study show that partial unilateral ureteral obstruction caused oxidative stress in the serum and kidney tissues of rats, and treatment with carvedilol reduced the harmful effects of ureteral obstruction.

Duplicated vas deferens: a rare congenital abnormality.

Duplication of vas deferens is a rare congenital anomaly for which the overall incidence in the general population is estimated to be less than 0.05%. We report here a case of duplicated vas deferens found during a routine varicocele operation.

Effect of chronic prostatitis on angiogenic activity and serum prostate specific antigen level in benign prostatic hyperplasia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic inflammatory pathology on the angiogenic activity in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Besides the presence of a relationship between serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) values and microvessel density (mvd), the intensity and extent (widespread or focal) of tissue PSA expression was also examined. The distribution of 30 cases according to the diagnosis groups was as follows: group 1, nine cases with prostatic adenocarcinoma; group 2, 10 cases with BPH and chronic prostatitis; group 3, 11 cases with BPH. The biopsy materials obtained by tru-cut biopsy (five cases) and transurethral resection (25 cases) were evaluated retrospectively. The evaluation of angiogenesis was made by CD34 immune marker, while the analysis of immunohistochemical tissue PSA expression was verified by PSA immune marker. Serum PSA levels and other clinical parameters were obtained from the clinical files of the patients. The mean age of the patients was 68 +/- 3 years (range, 48-83 years). The difference between the mean mvd values of the groups was statistically significant (chi2 = 10.492, p = 0.005). Group 1 showed higher mean mvd value than the other two groups. Although group 2 showed higher mean mvd value than group 3, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.863). There was no correlation between the mean mvd and serum PSA levels in any group. The intensity of PSA expression in prostate specimens was different in all groups. Maximum cases in group 3 showed high tissue PSA expression (chi2 = 12.442, p = 0.014). In group 1, there was a significant relationship between the intensity of PSA expression and the mean mvd (U = 1, p = 0.032). In group 2, a statistically significant correlation was noted between the mean serum PSA levels and the widespread occurrence of PSA expression (U = 0, p = 0.017). In the present study, we determined that chronic prostatitis had no effect on mvd in BPH cases. The correlation between tissue PSA expression and mvd was contradictory to the reports in the literature. Analyses in larger series are needed to prove the presence of a probable effect of chronic prostatitis on angiogenesis.

Adenocarcinoma originating from a mature teratoma of the testis.

Malignant transformation in testicular teratomas has been reported very rarely in the literature. Although testicular teratomas in childhood are regarded as benign neoplasms, these tumors, if left untreated until advanced ages, may present the risk of malignant transformation. We report a case of differentiated adenocarcinoma originating from colonic glands in primary testicular teratoma.

Bladder wall thickness in healthy school-aged children.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of transabdominal ultrasonography for bladder volume and detrusor muscle thickness and to research the relationship of these measurements with age, height, and body mass index. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 244 healthy, school-aged children from February to May 2003. After a complete urologic examination, the weight and height of all children were measured, and their body mass index was determined. Transabdominal ultrasonography with a high-frequency probe was performed to obtain the anterior, posterior, and lateral bladder wall thicknesses. RESULTS: The mean age of the children was 10.7 +/- 3.6 years (range 7 to 15), and the mean bladder volume was 256 cm3 (range 78 to 790). The relationship between bladder volume and age was significant (P = 0.0001, r = 0.568). The mean anterior, posterior, and lateral detrusor thickness was 1.42 mm (range 0.8 to 2.8), 1.57 mm (range 0.7 to 3.1), and 1.49 mm (range 0.6 to 2.6), respectively. The relationships between increasing age and the anterior and posterior wall thicknesses were significant (P <0.05), but the relationship between age and the lateral wall thickness was not (P >0.05). The relationship between bladder volume and body mass index was significant (P = 0.0001, r = 0.2959). A strong positive and significant correlation was found between the anterior (P = 0.0001) and posterior (P = 0.001) wall thicknesses and body mass index, but the correlation between the lateral wall thickness and body mass index was not significant (P = 0.079, r = 0.113). CONCLUSIONS: Strong, positive correlations were found between the anterior and posterior wall detrusor thicknesses and increased age and body mass index, but the same correlations for lateral wall detrusor thickness were not found.

Orbital metastasis of prostate cancer: a case report.

We report a case with metastatic orbital cancer secondary to prostatic adenocarcinoma. After initiation of total androgen blockade, the visual complaints, pain and periorbital swelling regressed dramatically within 2 months of treatment. However, the disease subsequently progressed and the patient died 12 months after diagnosis.

A preliminary study of the levels of testis oxidative stress parameters after MK-801-induced experimental psychosis model: protective effects of CAPE.

We evaluated the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on antioxidant enzyme levels and histopathologic changes in dizocilpine (MK-801) induced schizophrenic rat testis. A total of 30 adult male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into three groups. Group-I was used as control. Rats in the Group-II were intraperitoneally injected with MK-801, whereas those in Group-III were intraperitoneally injected with CAPE in addition to MK-801. The testes were collected for biochemical and histopathological examinations. Antioxidant enzyme activities, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and nitric oxide levels in testicular tissues were analyzed with spectrophotometric methods. Induction of schizophrenia resulted in a significant oxidative stress by increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes. Tissue malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels were also increased. Treatment with CAPE led to significant decrease in oxidative injury. Administration of CAPE reduced the detrimental histopathologic changes caused by MK-801. The results showed that experimentally induced schizophrenia caused oxidative stress in testes of rats and treatment with CAPE reduced these harmful effects.