Zika virus detected in amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood in an in vitro fertilization-conceived pregnancy in Venezuela.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the consequences of Zika virus infection at 10 weeks of gestation in an IVF-conceived pregnancy in Venezuela. DESIGN: A case report. SETTING: Private assisted reproduction unit. PATIENT(S): A 36-year-old patient who conceived her first pregnancy through IVF and became infected with Zika virus at 10 weeks' gestation in Venezuela. INTERVENTION(S): In vitro fertilization with fresh ET. Clinical, laboratory, and imaging Zika diagnostic methods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Zika virus detection by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in maternal plasma, PCR in amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood. Ultrasonography findings of anatomic abnormalities. RESULT(S): Zika infection was confirmed at 10 weeks' gestation by real-time PCR; ultrasound results appeared normal. At 19 weeks' gestation, an ultrasound revealed biometry on three SDs below the means for all parameters but with no apparent anatomic abnormality. Zika virus was positive in maternal urine and amniotic fluid by PCR at 19 weeks' gestation. Ultrasound at 21 weeks + 4 days of gestation showed fetal cerebellar hypoplasia with ventricular dysmorphia, particularly marked on the left, consistent with microcephaly and ventriculomegaly. Because of the poor prognosis, pregnancy was interrupted at 24 weeks' gestation, in France. The PCR in umbilical cord blood taken in this procedure was positive for Zika virus. CONCLUSION(S): Initial ultrasound findings in pregnancy may not be informative. Only at 21 weeks + 4 days of gestation did an ultrasound reveal fetal microcephaly and ventriculomegaly. Combined clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings provided a complete picture of the severe damage caused by Zika infection.

Trastornos de diferenciación sexual

Objetivo: Presentar la clínica, citogenética y hallazgos histopatológicos en pacientes adultas, que consultaron a la Unidad de Endocrinología Ginecológica del Hospital Universitario de Caracas con trastornos de la diferenciación sexual. Se reportan cuatro casos clínicos: dos casos con trastorno de la diferenciación sexual 46, XY por alteración en la acción de los andrógenos anteriormente denominado insensibilidad androgénica parcial, una paciente con trastorno de la diferenciación sexual 46, XX y otra con trastorno de la diferenciación sexual 46, XY ovotesticular sin gonadoblastoma por síndrome de Frasier. Es importante realizar un diagnóstico temprano para su tratamiento precoz, por la trascendencia que la definición del sexo tiene para el futuro del individuo. Conclusiones: A pesar de los avances alcanzados a lo largo de los últimos 20 años, algunos casos quedan aún sin diagnóstico etiológico definido, sea por falta de estudio molecular o genes aún no conocidos. Su abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico es complejo, requiere de un equipo multidiscplinario integrado por ginecólogos, endocrinólogos, psiquiatras, urólogos, cirujanos plásticos.

The aim of this paper is to present the clinical, cytogenetic and histopathological findings in adult patients who consulted the Gynecological Endocrinology Unit of the University Hospital of Caracas with Disorders of sexual development. Four clinical cases reported: Two with Disorder of sexual development 46, XY due defect in androgen action previously called partial androgen insensitivity, one patient with disorders of sexual development 46, XX and another with disorder of sexual development 46, XY ovotesticular without gonadoblastoma by Frasier syndrome. It is important an early diagnosis and treatment to define the sex for the individual’s future. Conclusion: Despite the progress made over the last 20 years, some cases are still without etiologic diagnosis, either through lack of molecular study or yet unknown genes. Its diagnostic and therapeutic approach is complex, requiring a team of gynecologists, endocrinologists, psychiatrists, urologists, plastic surgeons.

Amenorrea primaria: experiencia de la Unidad de Endocrinología Ginecológica del Hospital Universitario de Caracas (Revisión de la literatura)

Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de amenorrea primaria en la consulta de Endocrinología Ginecológica del Hospital Universitario de Caracas y las entidades nosológicas involucradas. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de las historias clínicas de las pacientes que consultaron por amenorrea primaria durante el período 2013 a 2015, quienes fueron categorizadas retrospectivamente en 4 grupos según el algoritmo diagnóstico de Mashchak. Resultados: El 6,48 % (46 / 710 pacientes) fueron casos de amenorrea primaria. La etiología comprendió: hipogonadismo-hipergonadotrópico (46,47 % / 7 casos), hipogonadismo-hipogonadotrópico (33,34% / 5 casos), síndrome de Rokitansky (6,67 % / 1 caso), defecto de acción de andrógeno (6, 67 % / 1 caso) y trastorno 46, XY ovotesticular (6,67 % / 1 caso). Conclusiones: La amenorrea primaria representa un motivo de consulta poco frecuente, pero la diversidad y complejidad de las patologías que la producen, ameritan el uso de esquemas que permitan un diagnóstico sencillo, el uso del algoritmo propuesto por Mashchak nos permitió un diagnóstico eficiente de los casos. La diversidad de estas patologías amerita un equipo multidisciplinario para un manejo adecuado.

Objectives: To establish the prevalence of primary amenorrhea in Gynecological Endocrinologic Unit of Hospital Universitario de Caracas; and the etiology involved. Method: Retrospective and descriptive study of medical records of patients who consulted for primary amenorrhea, during the period 2013-2015. Were retrospectively categorized into 4 groups according Mashchak algoritm. Results: 6.48 % (46/710 patients) were cases of primary amenorrhea. The etiology includeded: hypogonadism hypergonadotropic (46.47 %/7 cases), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (33.34 % / 5 cases), Rokitansky syndrome (6,67 % / 1 case), defect in androgen action (6. 67 % / 1 case), disorder 46, XY ovotesticular (6.67 % / 1 case). Conclusions: With a wide diversity and complexity of pathologies that produce primary amenorrhea, it requires the use of diagnostic categories based on physical examination and a minimal laboratory investigation that allow a simple diagnosis. In this sense, using the algoritm proposed by Mashchak allowed us to efficiently diagnose the aforementioned cases. The diversity of these diseases requires the inclusion of a multidisciplinary team in orden to achieve a proper management.