Mariana Mazzucato's Entrepreneurial State. Fact and fiction / O Estado Empreendedor, de Mariana Mazzucato. Fato e ficção / El Estado emprendedor de Mariana Mazzucato. Realidad y ficción

AВSTRAСT Mariana Mazzucato proposes a world economy driven by an entrepreneurial State that does not limit itself to correcting market failures. Instead, she proposes that its role should be innovative and risk-taking to become a creditor and share in the benefits generated by the different activities it promotes. He considers the redistribution of wealth necessary even the predistribution of wealth, a controversial proposal because assigning to society resources that have not been generated would lead to the assumption that these would come from more taxes or a higher level of indebtedness affecting future generations. The purpose of this article is to address the author's considerations of the State's role, as well as the main criticisms and points of view on its intervention, including the free market. It is based on a review of the texts The Entrepreneurial State, Mission Economy The Value of Things, and Let us not waste this crisis, in which Mazzucato repeatedly and even repetitively highlights the vital role played by the figure of the government in the success of companies such as Apple and Tesla, as well as in the trip to the moon, the pharmaceutical industry and nanotechnology. He also considers climate change and a new Green Pact to be significant challenges of the present generation; however, his postulates are not far from the growth objective of the traditional economy and neither is his perception of sustainability based on a business conception and not from an ecological vision. Confidence in the role of the State as an intervener in the economy is presented as an alternative to the optimistic vision of the market as an efficient allocator of resources for the economy

RESUMO Mariana Mazzucato propõe uma economia mundial impulsionada por um Estado empreendedor que não se limite a corrigir as falhas do mercado; ao contrário, propõe que seu papel seja inovador e que assuma riscos para se tornar credor e participar dos benefícios gerados pelas diferentes atividades que promove. Considera importante a redistribuição da riqueza, até mesmo a pré-distribuição da riqueza, uma proposta controversa porque atribuir à sociedade recursos que não foram gerados levaria à suposição de que esses recursos viriam de mais impostos ou de um maior nível de endividamento que afetaria as gerações futuras. O objetivo deste artigo é abordar as considerações do autor sobre o papel que o Estado deve desempenhar, bem como as principais críticas e críticas à sua intervenção, incluindo o livre mercado. Baseia-se em uma revisão dos textos El Estado emprendedor, Misión economía, El valor de las cosas e No desaprovechemos esta crisis, nos quais Mazzucato destaca, de forma reiterada e até repetitiva, o papel vital que a figura do governo desempenhou no sucesso de empresas como Apple e Tesla, bem como na viagem à lua, na indústria farmacêutica e na nanotecnologia. Ele também considera a mudança climática e um novo Green Deal como os principais desafios da geração atual, mas seus postulados não se afastam do objetivo de crescimento da economia tradicional, tampouco sua percepção de sustentabilidade se baseia em uma concepção de negócios, em vez de uma visão ecológica. A confiança no papel do Estado interventor na economia é apresentada como uma alternativa à visão otimista do mercado como um alocador eficiente de recursos para a economia.

RESUMEN Mariana Mazzucato propone una economía mundial impulsada por un Estado emprendedor que no se limite a corregir los fallos del mercado, por el contrario, propone que su papel sea innovador y asuma riesgos para hacerse acreedor y participe de los beneficios generados en las diferentes actividades que impulsa. Considera importante la redistribución de la riqueza, incluso, la predistribución de la misma, propuesta polémica porque asignar a la sociedad recursos que no se han generado llevaría a suponer que estos provendrán de más impuestos, o por un mayor nivel de endeudamiento con afectación de las generaciones futuras. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo abordar las consideraciones de la autora en torno al papel que debería cumplir el Estado, así como las principales críticas y señalamientos a su intervención, incluyendo el libre mercado. Este, se fundamenta en la revisión de los textos El Estado emprendedor, Misión economía, El valor de las cosas y No desaprovechemos esta crisis, en los cuales Mazzucato de manera reiterada, e incluso repetitiva resalta el vital papel que ha tenido la figura Gobiernista en el éxito de empresas como Apple y Tesla, así como en el viaje a la luna, la industria farmacéutica, y la nanotecnología. Considera también, que el cambio climático y un nuevo Pacto Verde son grandes desafíos de la presente generación, sin embargo, sus postulados no se alejan del objetivo de crecimiento de la economía tradicional, y tampoco su percepción de sostenibilidad cimentada sobre una concepción empresarial, y no desde una visión ecológica. La confianza en el papel del Estado interventor en la economía se presenta como una alternativa a la visión optimista del mercado como eficiente asignador de recursos para la economía.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Hygiene and the Prevention of Trachoma in the Indigenous Population of the Colombian Amazon Vaupés Department.

The Colombian program to end trachoma implements the component F of the SAFE strategy in the Vaupés department of the Amazon rainforest. Cultural, linguistic, and geographical barriers and the coexistence of an ancestral medical system demand the technical and sociocultural adaptation of this component. A cross-sectional survey combined with focus-group discussions to understand the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the indigenous population related to trachoma was conducted in 2015. Of the 357 heads of households that participated, 45.1% associated trachoma with a lack of hygiene, and 94.7% associated the concept of hygiene with taking one or more body baths per day, using commercial or handcrafted soap. In total, 93% reported cleaning their children's faces and eyes more often when they have conjunctivitis, but 66.1% also did this with clothes or towels in use, and 52.7% of people shared towels; in total, 32.8% indicated that they would use ancestral medicine to prevent and treat trachoma. The SAFE strategy in Vaupés requires an intercultural approach to facilitate stakeholder support and participation to promote general and facial hygiene, washing clothes with soap, and not sharing towels and clothes to dry and clean children's faces for effective and sustainable elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. This qualitative assessment facilitated an intercultural approach locally and in other Amazonian locations.

Ética y responsabilidad social como mecanismos de formación integral para el ejercicio profesional del Contador / Ethics and social responsibility as comprehensive training mechanisms for the professional practice of the accountant / Ética e responsabilidade social como mecanismos de treinamento integral para a prática profissional dos contadores

RESUMEN El presente artículo constituye una reflexión centrada en el campo de la ética profesional, específicamente en la docencia, con un propósito de análisis y responsabilidad social en términos de formación como mecanismo de apoyo para combatir la corrupción. Se sustenta en documentos emitidos por autores que trabajan sobre temas contables, éticos, educativos y de responsabilidad social, así como la revisión y análisis del Código de Ética Internacional para contadores profesionales, y los lineamientos del Consejo de Normas Internacionales de Educación Contable IAESB. Por lo tanto, se abordan de manera puntual reflexiones para comprender como incide la ética en la formación del contador en procura de crear valores dirigidos hacia el interés general, donde la responsabilidad social en el ejercicio y desarrollo de sus funciones sean pilares fundamentales en la lucha contra la corrupción, siendo necesario contar con nuevas miradas reflexivas, formativas e integradoras de individuos que a la luz de un desarrollo del hacer, no pierdan ese componente esencial del ser mediante visiones que no solo se enfoquen en la enseñanza de un campo eminentemente financiero. El contador del presente y del futuro debe poseer una perspectiva integradora, multidimensional y multidisciplinar para entender el contexto actual y enfrentar las problemáticas que este nos demanda.

ABSTRACT Summary this document is a reflection focused on the field of professional ethics, specifically teaching, representing a purpose of analysis and social responsibility in terms of training, as a support mechanism to combat corruption. It is based on documents issued by different authors working on accounting, ethical, educational and social responsibility issues, as well as the review and analysis of the international code of ethics for professional accountants, and guidelines of the IAESB International Accounting Education Standards Council, addresses in a timely manner reflections that allow to understand how ethics influences the formation of the accountant, in order to create in it values directed towards the general interest, where social responsibility in the exercise and development of its functions are fundamental pillars in the figth against corruption, therefore it is necessary to have new reflective, formative and integrative looks of individuals who, in the light of a development of doing, do not lose that essential component of being with all that is implied by such integrality through visions that not only focus on teaching an eminently financial field. The accountant of the present and the future must have an integrative, multidimensional and multidisciplinary perspective to understand the current context and face the problems that it demands of us.

RESUMO Este artigo é uma reflexão focalizada no campo da ética profissional, especificamente no ensino, com o propósito de análise e responsabilidade social em termos de treinamento como um mecanismo de apoio para combater a corrupção. Ela se baseia em documentos emitidos por autores que trabalham com questões de contabilidade, ética, educação e responsabilidade social, bem como na revisão e análise do Código Internacional de Ética para contadores profissionais e nas diretrizes do International Accounting Education Standards Board IAESB. Portanto, as reflexões são abordadas de forma oportuna para compreender como a ética afeta a formação dos contadores, numa tentativa de criar valores voltados ao interesse geral, onde a responsabilidade social no exercício e desenvolvimento de suas funções são pilares fundamentais na luta contra a corrupção, sendo necessário ter novas visões reflexivas, formativas e integrativas dos indivíduos que, à luz de um desenvolvimento do fazer não perdem aquele componente essencial do ser através de visões que não se concentram apenas no ensino de um campo eminentemente financeiro. O contador do presente e do futuro deve ter uma perspectiva integrada, multidimensional e multidisciplinar a fim de compreender o contexto atual e enfrentar os problemas que ele exige de nós.

Metasíntesis sobre el concepto de patrón de Martha Rogers y Margaret Newman / Meta-synthesis on the concept of pattern of Martha Rogers and Margaret Newman

A través de una Metasíntesis guiados por el método propuesto por Sandelowsky y Barroso, se pretende profundizar en el concepto de patrón de M. Rogers y M. Newman, evidenciando, los atributos y cualidades en el uso de este concepto, que permiten el estudio del ser desde perspectivas diferentes a las convencionales para la disciplina de la enfermería. De igual manera, se identifica la necesidad de realizar un estudio dirigido a las personas que se enfrentan a situaciones difíciles a través de una articulación con la intervención de enfermería. Una intervención diferente y novedosa donde no se realiza la observación del ser desde aspectos físicos, sino por el contrario, se compone de estructuras que corresponden al transcurso de la vida de las personas. Así mismo, el acompañamiento de la enfermera en este proceso se vio reflejado en el bienestar de las personas y el reconocimiento del significado de su vida mediante la identificación del patrón; realizar cambios en rutinas que permitan el crecimiento personal o la expansión de la conciencia beneficiarán a la enfermera y a la persona.

Análisis probabilista con caminata al azar del número de personas viviendo con VIH mundialmente / A Probabilistic analysis with random walks of the number of people living with HIV worldwide / Análise probabilística com caminhada aleatória do número de pessoas vivendo com HIV mundialmente

Resumen El estudio de la dinámica anual de la epidemia de VIH a partir de la caminata al azar ha mostrado ser de utilidad para llevar este fenómeno altamente variable a un comportamiento predecible, desde una mirada acausal. Objetivo: predecir el comportamiento de la dinámica del número de personas viviendo con VIH mediante la caminata al azar probabilista. Metodología: Se analizaron los valores anuales de personas que a nivel global viven con VIH desde el año 1990 hasta el 2009, a partir de los espacios de probabilidad generados del estudio de esta dinámica con la caminata al azar probabilista, para posteriormente desarrollar la predicción del valor anual de personas viviendo con VIH para los años 2010, 2011 y 2012. Resultados: Basados en el comportamiento de caminata al azar probabilista que exhibió el fenómeno, se predijeron los valores anuales de personas viviendo con VIH con un porcentaje de acierto de 98,95% para el año 2010, de 98,82% para el año 2011 y de 98,99% para la predicción realizada para el año 2012. Conclusiones: Se establecieron órdenes matemáticos a partir de la caminata al azar probabilista, estableciendo predicciones prácticamente deterministas en un contexto acausal del número de personas viviendo con VIH, logrando lo que podría ser de aplicación a las decisiones de salud pública, como método de evaluación de intervenciones.

Abstract Introduction: This is a study of the yearly dynamic of the HIV epidemic based on random walks has proven to be useful to take this highly variable phenomenon to a predictable behavior. Objective: Predict the behavior of the dynamic of the number of people living with HIV via a probabilistic random walk. Methodology: The yearly value of people living with HIV worldwide was analyzed from 1990 to 2009, based on probability spaces produced with a probabilistic random walk, and then, developed the prediction of the yearly value of people living with HIV for 2010, 2011 and 2012. Results: The yearly volume of people living with HIV was predicted with a 98.95% success rate in 2010, 98.82% in 2011 and 98.99% for the 2012 prediction. Conclusions: Mathematical orders were established based on the probabilistic random walk, establishing practically deterministic predictions of the number of people living with HIV which could be useful for public health decisions and to evaluate interventions.

Resumo Introdução: O estudo da dinâmica anual da epidemia do HIV a partir do passeio aleatório tem se mostrado útil para trazer este fenômeno altamente variável a um comportamento previsível. Objetivo: Predizer o comportamento da dinâmica do número de pessoas vivendo com HIV. através da caminhada aleatória probabilística. Metodologia: Analisaram-se os valores anuais das pessoas vivendo globalmente com HIV de 1990 a 2009, a partir dos espaços de probabilidade gerados com o passeio aleatório probabilístico, para posteriormente desenvolver a predição do valor anual das pessoas que vivem com o HIV pelos anos 2010, 2011 y 2012. Resultados: Os valores anuais das pessoas vivendo com HIV foram previstos com uma taxa de sucesso de 98,95% para o ano de 2010, de 98,82% para o ano de 2011 e de 98,99% para a previsão feita para o ano de 2012. Conclusões: Ordens matemáticas foram estabelecidas a partir do passeio probabilístico aleatório, estabelecendo predições praticamente determinísticas do número de pessoas vivendo com HIV, o que poderia ser útil para decisões em Saúde Pública e para a avaliação de intervenções.

The white mullet (Mugil curema) as biological indicator to assess environmental stress in tropical coastal lagoons.

Several coastal lagoons and estuaries in Mexico receive untreated domestic and industrial discharges which contain complex mixtures of contaminants. In order to assess the effects of chemical contamination, we used the White mullet (Mugil curema) as biological indicator. We worked in two estuaries located in Northwest Mexico: Urias (highly polluted) and Teacapan (less polluted, therefore used as reference site). We measured several endpoints at different levels of biological organization: vitellogenin transcription in males as biomarker of estrogenic contamination, as well as reproductive, morphological (deformities), morphometric, and meristic parameters. Total RNA was isolated from the liver, and a partial sequence of the mullet vitellogenin gene was obtained; gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR. At the same time, gonad samples were analyzed by histologic techniques to determine sex ratios and the reproductive cycle stage. The reproductive season was detected from February to June in both sites, but the gonadosomatic index was consistently higher in Teacapan. Sex ratios were female-biased in both estuaries, and one intersex gonad and several malformations were found in fish from Urias. Vitellogenin gene transcription in males was detected in both sites, although gene expression was slightly higher in Urias. The results obtained in this study indicate that biological effects of contamination are evident in fish, environmental estrogens may be present in both estuaries, and the white mullet is useful as biological indicator to identify and characterize environmental stressors in tropical coastal ecosystems.

Humoral and haemocytic responses of Litopenaeus vannamei to Cd exposure.

White shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, subadults were exposed to four dilutions of the 96 h cadmium LC50 reported for postlarvae (PL12) of this species, and the effects were evaluated after 5, 48, and 96 h of exposure. While treatments did not affect survival and hemolymph clotting time increased with time, but not as a response to Cd exposure, the intensity of other responses was related to concentration, to time of exposure, and to their interaction. Hemocyanin decreased with time in all metal concentrations but increased in the control treatment, and an almost similar trend was observed with hemocyte numbers. As an initial response, phenoloxidase activity decreased with all metal concentrations, but it increased later to values similar or higher than the control treatment.

La brecha digital: representaciones sociales de docentes en una escuela marginal / The digital divide: social representations of teachers in a marginal school / A brecha digital: representações sociais de docentes em uma escola marginal

En este artículo exponemos las Representaciones Sociales que tienen los docentes y las docentes frente a las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación, y cómo ellas están ligadas a su experiencia vital, y se convierten en la base para acceder, relacionarse y apropiarse de ellas en sus entornos personales y profesionales. Para comprender dichas representaciones, realizamos una investigación cualitativa utilizando la Teoría Fundamentada. La interpretación de las Representaciones Sociales nos muestra cómo docentes y estudiantes de escuelas públicas colombianas permanecen actualmente en la brecha digital -por extensión y por profundidad- y cómo esta se reproduce en la escuela con expresiones de desigualdad y exclusión social.

This article discusses the social representations that teachers have towards Information and Communication Technologies, and how these are linked to their life experiences, and become the basis for access, interact and appropriate them in their personal and professional environments. To understand these representations, we conducted a qualitative study using Grounded Theory. The interpretation of Social Representations shows how teachers and students from Colombian public schools currently remain in a digital divide -both by extension and depth- and how this is reproduced at school with expressions of inequality and social exclusion.

Este artigo expõe as representações sociais que têm os docentes frente às tecnologias da informação e à comunicação e como elas estão ligadas à sua experiência vital, e se convertem em base para aceder, relacionar-se e apropriar-se delas nos seus ambientes pessoais e profissionais. Para compreender tais representações, se realizou uma pesquisa qualitativa utilizando a teoria fundamentada. A interpretação das representações sociais nos mostra como docentes e estudantes de escolas públicas colombianas permanecem atualmente na brecha digital -por extensão e por profundidade- y como esta se reproduz na escola com expressões de desigualdade e exclusão social.

Distribution of pesticides and PCBs in sediments of agricultural drains in the Culiacan Valley, Sinaloa, Mexico.

Agriculture is one of the most important economic activities in Sinaloa, Mexico. The Culiacan Valley is an extensive agricultural region characterized by a variety of crops with high-yield productions. In this study, concentrations of organochlorine (OCPs) and organophosphorus (OPs) pesticides and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were determined in sediments of the agricultural drainage system of Culiacan Valley. Overall, 32 compounds were detected, with concentrations widely ranging from 0.03 to 1 294 ng g(-1) dry weight. OCP concentrations (15) ranged from 0.1 to 20.19 ng g(-1) dw. OP concentrations (8) ranged from 0.03 to 1294 ng g(-1) dw, and diazinon was the compound with the highest concentration. PCB concentrations were also determined and varied from 0.05 to 3.29 ng g(-1) dw. Other compounds detected included permethrin, triadimefon, and fipronil. The central zone registered the higher concentrations and the greatest number of compounds, which could be related to the occurrence of horticultural fields in this zone. According to sediment quality guidelines, the compounds exceeding the probable effect level were γ-HCH, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE, while the pesticides above the maximum permissible concentration were endosulfan, azinphos methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos, and permethrin. Although Sinaloa is an important agricultural crop producer in northwest Mexico, there are not many studies dealing with pesticide distribution in agricultural areas.

Major craniofacial defects: case series and prenatal diagnosis at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prenatal diagnosis, characteristics, development, perinatal outcome, and final diagnosis of pregnancies complicated by fetuses with major craniofacial defects, at the Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, México, 1997-2008. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study from January of 1997 to January 2008, analyzed 152 pregnancies complicated by fetuses with major craniofacial defects, diagnosed at the Department of Fetal Medicine of the National Institute of Perinatology. Data were obtained from patients clinical records. RESULTS: . The mean age was 28 +/- 8 years, with the largest number of cases between 20 and 24. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 27.5 +/- 6.4 gestational weeks. The average termination of pregnancy was at 35 +/- 5 gestational weeks. In 43.4% of cases there were no major structural defects associated with the facial defect. The most commonly associated structural alterations were cerebral, cardiac, and limb abnormalities. Karyotyping was performed in only 57 cases, and was abnormal in 25. CONCLUSIONS: Structural ultrasound should be performed on all pregnant women between weeks 18 and 24 for detection of major craniofacial defects. Where defects are found, a thorough review of other structures should be carried out to determine whether the defects are syndromic. A systematic and multidisciplinary approach is essential to providing the best care and appropriate advice to parents.

Estructura genética de un grupo de capibaras, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Rodentia: Hydrocheridae) en los Llanos orientales colombianos

Genetic structure of a group of capybaras, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Rodentia: Hydrocheridae) in the Colombian Eastern Llanos. The capybaras are the biggest rodents in the world but, however, there are not extensive population genetics studies on them. In the current work, we studied the genetic structure of a troop of 31 capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) sampled in Hato Corozal, Casanare Department at the Colombian Eastern Llanos, by means of five microsatellite markers. The gene diversity was 0.61 and the average allele number was 5.2, which is a medium-low level for markers of this nature. Out five markers employed, three were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium meanwhile one showed a significant homozygote excess and other presented a significant heterozygote excess. There were not significant genetic differences between males and females inside this troop. The application of different procedures to determine possible historical demographic changes (population expansions or bottlenecks) clearly showed that the population analyzed crossed over a very narrow recent bottleneck. The illegal hunt is the possibly cause of this strong genetic bottleneck. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1777-1793. Epub 2011 December 01.

Los capibaras son los roedores más grandes del mundo, sin embargo, no se han realizado estudios genético poblacionales exhaustivos con ellos. En el presente trabajo se analizó la estructura genética de una manada de 31 capibaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) muestreada en Hato Corozal, Departamento de Casanare en los Llanos Orientales de Colombia, mediante cinco marcadores microsatelitales. La diversidad genética se determinó en 0.61 y un número promedio de alelos de 5.2, lo cual se puede considerar medio-bajo para este tipo de marcadores. De los cinco marcadores empleados, tres mostraron proporciones genotípicas en concordancia con lo esperado en equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg, mientras que un marcador mostró un exceso significativo de homocigotos y otro un exceso significativo de heterocigotos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas para esos cinco marcadores entre machos y hembras de la manada muestreada. La aplicación de diferentes procedimientos para detectar posibles cambios demográficos históricos (expansiones poblacionales o cuellos de botella) mostró claramente que la población analizada ha pasado por un cuello de botella extremadamente fuerte en épocas recientes. La limitada variabilidad genética encontrada y la fuerte evidencia de que la manada estudiada ha pasado por un cuello de botella reciente es probablemente el resultado de la cacería ilegal.

Hibridación in situ por fluorescencia (fish) en muestras de líquido amniótico obtenido por amniocentesis precoz / Fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) in samples of amniotic fluid obtained by early amniocentesis

La hibridación in situ por fluorescencia (FISH) se puede utilizar para diagnosticar prenatalmente las aneuploidías más frecuentes. Se utilizan núcleos interfásicos de células fetales no cultivadas. Este es un avance importante en el diagnóstico prenatal. Se describe la aplicación de la FISH en 15 muestras de líquido amniótico no cultivado extraído entre la 12 ± 7.5 y 14 6/7 semanas de gestación (m ± 1 sd = 13,63 ± 0,52). El volumen de líquido amniótico recolectado oscilo entre de 2 y 4ml (3,16 ± 0,58). Todas las pacientes presentaban como principal indicación para la realización del procedimiento la edad materna avanzada. El tiempo para obtener los resultados varió de 1 a 5 días (2,13 ± 1,55 días). El tiempo de entrega de los resultados citogenéticos osciló entre 13 y 22 días (18,4 ± 3,2). En total, 14 casos (93,33) fueron informativos. Las cinco aneuploidías diagnosticadas por FISH fueron confirmadas por citogenética tradicional, sin embargo, el análisis citogenético tradicional identificó un caso de rearreglo cromosómico equilibrado: [46, XY, t (16; 17) (q24; q12) pat] y un caso de mosaicismo: 46,XX/47,XX,+mar. La realización de FISH requiere muchos pasos que pueden impedir que los resultados sean obtenidos, es importante obtener un número suficiente de núcleos para la hibridación. El estudio de aneuploidías en amniocitos no cultivados debe ser introducido en el protocolo de diagnóstico prenatal en mujeres embarazadas con riesgo aumentado de concebir un feto con aneuploidias.

Amniocentesis precoz: estudio citogenético en 505 embarazadas / The early amniocentesis: cytogenetic study in 505 pregnant

El diagnóstico citogenético en líquido amniótico obtenido por amniocentesis precoz (AP) es una alternativa a la embarazada de primer trimestre. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el tipo y la frecuencia de anormalidades cromosómicas encontradas en muestras de líquido amniótico obtenido por medio de esa técnica de colecta. En un periodo de 5 años, 531 AP fueron realizadas en 505 pacientes (479 gestaciones únicas y 26 gemelares), con edad gestacional variando de 12 0/7 a 14 6/7 semanas. La principal indicación para la realización del procedimiento fue edad materna avanzada (66,3 de los casos). Los cultivos fueron establecidos en medio Chang y Amniomax (cultivo en frasco). El tiempo de colecta para la obtención de las preparaciones citogenéticas varió de 7 a 22 días (15,5 ± 2,8). Por lo menos 25 células fueron analizadas por paciente. El tiempo de entrega de resultados varió de 12 a 25 días (18,7±2,8 días). La frecuencia de éxito de cultivo fue del 98,7. Cariotipos anormales fueron identificados en 22 casos (4,2), siendo tres (0,6) rearreglos cromosómicos equilibrados y 19 (3,6) anomalías cromosómicas no equilibradas. De estas, la anormalidad cromosómica más frecuente fue la trisomía del cromosoma 21 (27,3). Fueron identificados cinco casos de cromosomas marcadores, tres en forma de mosaico. Fueron confirmados seis (18,2) resultados anormales detectados en Vellosidad Corial (VC). La frecuencia de pseudomosaicismo encontrada fue del 2,3. Nuestros datos confirman la precisión del estudio citogenético en líquido amniótico obtenido por AP. Con procedimientos de rutina bien establecidos y protocolos adecuadamente estandarizados en el laboratorio de diagnóstico prenatal, se aumenta el éxito de los cultivos de células de líquido amniótico vobtenido por AP y se reduce el tiempo medio de entrega de resultados.

[Genetic structure of a group of capybaras, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Rodentia: Hydrocheridae) in the Colombian Eastern Llanos]. / Estructura genética de un grupo de capibaras, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Rodentia: Hydrocheridae) en los Llanos orientales colombianos.

The capybaras are the biggest rodents in the world but, however, there are not extensive population genetics studies on them. In the current work, we studied the genetic structure of a troop of 31 capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) sampled in Hato Corozal, Casanare Department at the Colombian Eastern Llanos, by means of five microsatellite markers. The gene diversity was 0.61 and the average allele number was 5.2, which is a medium-low level for markers of this nature. Out five markers employed, three were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium meanwhile one showed a significant homozygote excess and other presented a significant heterozygote excess. There were not significant genetic differences between males and females inside this troop. The application of different procedures to determine possible historical demographic changes (population expansions or bottlenecks) clearly showed that the population analyzed crossed over a very narrow recent bottleneck. The illegal hunt is the possibly cause of this strong genetic bottleneck.

Xantomatosis cerebrotendinosa. A Propósito de un Caso / Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. A case report

La xantomatosis cerebrotendinosa (XCT) es un raro desorden del almacenamiento de los lípidos, que se transmite en forma autosómica recesiva y se caracteriza por el depósito de colesterol y colestanol en diferentes tejidos, con preferencia por los tendones, los cristalinos y el sistema nervioso central. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad se confirma con la presencia de β–colestanol en sangre y de alcoholes biliares en orina. Obedece a una mutación del gen CYP27A1 (responsable de la síntesis de la enzima esterol 27-hidrolasa) que mapea en el brazo largo del cromosoma 2. Se manifiesta clínicamente por un deterioro neurológico progresivo, además de la presencia de xantomas tendinosos, cataratas juveniles, arterioesclerosis y diarrea crónica. Las alteraciones aparecen en las primeras dos décadas de la vida, pero el diagnóstico definitivo suele hacerse tardíamente (entre la tercera y la cuarta décadas). La terapéutica consiste en la administración de ácido quenodesoxicólico asociado a pravastatina o simvastatina. El tratamiento temprano y prolongado podría detener la progresión de la enfermedad. Se presenta un paciente de 40 años con esta enfermedad y se hace una descripción actualizada de la misma.

Heat-shock protein (Hsp70) and cytochrome P-450 (CYP1A) in the white mullet Mugil curema (Pisces:Mugilidae) as biomarkers to assess environmental quality in coastal lagoons.

Biomarkers have been useful tools to monitor some effects of pollution in coastal environments. Hepatic expression of heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) were analyzed in white mullet (Mugil curema) by RT-PCR from July, 2005 until July, 2006 in three coastal lagoons located in the southern Gulf of California, Mexico. These three coastal systems receive contaminants derived from local anthropogenic activities. Heat-shock proteins function to maintain protein integrity in the presence of stressors (such as heat or chemicals) and can be used as biomarkers of homeostatic alterations in polluted environments, whereas cytochrome P450 family members participate in steroid hormone synthesis and metabolism, and in xenobiotic transformation as a detoxification mechanism. The expression levels of both genes showed consistency in time and space, and presented a high overall correlation (r = 0.731, P < 0.001). Regardless of a high individual variability, both genes presented higher expression levels in the Urias Estuary (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 for CYP1A and Hsp70, respectively), which was considered the most polluted among the three systems, especially during the rainy season (summer to fall). Gene expression levels were significantly associated with non-halogenated hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments during the sampling period (r = 0.686, P = 0.019 for CYP1A and r = 0.91, P < 0.001 for Hsp70), suggesting that both genes respond to chemicals in the environment. The results indicate that Mugil curema is a good candidate species to implement biomonitoring programs in tropical coastal environments.

Toxic effect of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides on the spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus.

The dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides isolated from Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California, showed an important short-term toxic effect on the spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus. This microalga was able to decrease fish liver catalase activity and lipid peroxidation. Fish exposed to live dinoflagellates developed an abnormal mucus secretion on the gills that was directly related to algal cell concentration. Hepatic catalase inhibition and an increase in mucus secretion on the gills occurred when fish were exposed to 2 x 10(6) cells L(-1) of C. polykrikoides. Lipid peroxidation was significantly different at 4 x 10(6) cells L(-1) and the hepatosomatic index decreased at 3 x 10(6) cells L(-1). Our results suggest that oxidative stress contributes, at least in part, to the ichthyotoxic effect of C. polykrikoides from the Gulf of California.

Hemolytic activity and fatty acids composition in the ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides isolated from Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California.

The hemolytic activity of the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides from Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California was investigated as part of the ichthyotoxic mechanism of this microalga. Two different kinds of erythrocytes, fish and human, were tested for the hemolytic assay. Since fatty acids have been associated with hemolytic activity in C. polykrikoides, the composition of fatty acids of this dinoflagellate was also analyzed. The concentration of C. polykrikoides causing 50% hemolysis (HE(50)) was 4.88 and 5.27x10(6) cellsL(-1), for fish and human erythrocytes, respectively. According to the standard curve of saponin, an equivalence between the hemolytic activity of saponin and the dinoflagellate concentration was found with 1mug saponinmL(-1) equivalent to 1x10(6) cellsL(-1) of C. polykrikoides. The polyunsaturated fatty acids: hexadecaenoic (16:0), docosahexaenoic (22:6 n3) and octadecapentaenoic (18:5 n3) were found in an abundance of approximately 62% of total fatty acids.

Case report: diffuse plane xanthoma with low C4 and systemic inflammatory symptoms.

A normolipemic patient with diffuse plane xanthomas, IgG monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance, low levels of C4, and systemic inflammatory symptoms is presented. Delay from disease onset to diagnosis is discussed.

Curvas de crecimiento intrauterino en una población de recien nacidos peruanos en el Hospital María Auxiliadora / Curves of intrauterine growth in a population of peruvian newborns at Maria Auxiliadora Hospital

Las curvas de referencia de crecimiento intrauterino según edad gestacional en el Perú son escasas y no actualizadas. Objetivos: 1) determinar nuevos valores normales de peso al crecimiento (PN), talla, perímetro cefálico y relación/peso y talla. 2) diseñar una curva de crecimiento intrauterino entre las 24 y 43 semanas de edad gestacional. 3) comparar con un estudio anterior. Método: Se incluyeron los recién nacidos vivos de raza mestiza durante el periodo de julio de 1998 a febrero de 2004 (n = 20.388) a nivel del mar. Se excluyeron aquellos con PN menor de 500 g, edad gestacional (EG) menor de 24 semanas, con errores en la apreciación de la edad y patologías obstétricas reconocidas universalmente que pudieran influir en el peso al nacimiento y anomalías congénitas. Fuente de datos: Sistema Informativo Perinatal (SIP) y Registro Estadístico Neonatal Propio (REN). Programas Utilizados para los Cálculos: Microsoft Visual FoxPro 6,0, Microsoft Excel y Word, Epi Info 6,0 y SPSS 10,0. Se calculó el peso al nacimiento medio, DS, ES, coeficiente de variación, percentilados real y polinómico. Resultados: se halló una media de 3.270,03 g, DS: 442,5, ES: 3,1 y mediana: 3.280 g. Comparado con un estudio anterior, se observó una disminución del PN en el percentil 90 para todas las edades gestacionales, excepto en las semanas 41 a 43, e incremento en el percentil 10. Es indispensable contar con curvas de crecimiento intrauterino actualizadas en cada país para una mejor clasificación de los recién nacidos.