Infarto medular: etiología, hallazgos radiológicos y factores pronósticos en una serie de 41 pacientes / Spinal cord infarction: aetiology, imaging findings, and prognostic factors in a series of 41 patients

Introducción: El infarto medular es una entidad infrecuente y con elevada morbilidad. El diag-nóstico puede resultar difícil y el tratamiento óptimo sigue siendo controvertido. Existen pocasseries de casos publicadas.Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de infarto medular en un hospital terciario desde 1999 a 2020.Se evaluaron la etiología, las características clínicas, radiológicas, terapéuticas y pronósticas.Resultados: Se incluyeron 41 pacientes (58,5% varones, edad media 61 ±17 a˜nos). Treinta y unpacientes (75,6%) presentaban factores de riesgo vascular (FRV). Presentaron déficit motor (39,95,1%), dolor (20, 48,8%), déficit sensitivo (33, 80,4%) y alteración autonómica (24, 58,5%). Serealizó resonancia magnética (RM) en 37 pacientes (90,2%). En los 12 pacientes con secuenciasde difusión, esta estaba alterada en 10. La localización más afectada fue la dorsal (68,2%). Serealizó estudio vascular en 33 pacientes (80,4%). Las etiologías más frecuentes fueron disecciónaórtica en 6, ateroesclerosis demostrada en estudio vascular en 6, embolia fibrocartilaginosa en6, posquirúrgico en 5 e hipotensión en 4. El mecanismo etiológico quedó sin filiar en 12 pacientes(29,3%), 9 presentaban FRV. Al final del periodo de seguimiento (mediana 24 meses, rangointercuartílico 3-70), 12 pacientes (29,2%) presentaban deambulación autónoma. La presenciade FRV y la paraparesia se asociaron significativamente a peor pronóstico (p < 0,05).Discusión: El infarto medular es una patología con una etiología variada, que en muchos delos pacientes queda sin resolver. El pronóstico funcional a largo plazo es malo y depende de lascaracterísticas basales del paciente y de la forma de presentación clínica. La RM, especialmentelas secuencias de difusión, es útil en el diagnóstico precoz.(AU)

Introduction: Spinal cord infarction is a rare disease with a high rate of morbidity. Its diagnosiscan be challenging and controversy remains regarding the best treatment. Few case series havebeen published.Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of cases of spinal cord infarction attended ina tertiary hospital from 1999 to 2020. Aetiology and clinical, imaging, and prognostic featureswere assessed.Results: Forty-one patients (58.5% men, mean [standard deviation] age 61 [17] years) wereincluded in the study. Thirty-one patients (75.6%) presented vascular risk factors. Motor deficitswere recorded in 39 (95.1%), pain in 20 (48.8%), sensory deficits in 33 (80.4%), and autonomicdysfunction in 24 (58.5%). MRI was performed in 37 (90.2%) patients. Diffusion-weighted imageswere available for 12 patients, with 10 showing diffusion restriction. The thoracic region wasthe most frequently affected (68.2%). Vascular imaging studies were performed in 33 patients(80.4%). The most frequent aetiologies were aortic dissection (6 cases), atherosclerosis demons-trated by vascular imaging (6 cases), fibrocartilaginous embolism (6 cases), surgery (5 cases),and hypotension (4 cases). Aetiology was undetermined in 12 patients (29.3%), although 9 ofthese presented vascular risk factors. At the end of the follow-up period (median, 24 months;interquartile range, 3-70), 12 patients (29.2%) were able to walk without assistance. Vascularrisk factors and paraparesis were significantly associated with poorer prognosis (P < .05).Discussion: Spinal cord infarction may present diverse aetiologies, with the cause remainingundetermined in many patients. Long-term functional prognosis is poor, and depends on baselinecharacteristics and clinical presentation. MRI, and especially diffusion-weighted sequences, isuseful for early diagnosis.(AU)

Spinal cord infarction: aetiology, imaging findings, and prognostic factors in a series of 41 patients.

INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord infarction is a rare disease with a high rate of morbidity. Its diagnosis can be challenging and controversy remains regarding the best treatment. Few case series have been published. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of cases of spinal cord infarction attended in a tertiary hospital from 1999 to 2020. Aetiology and clinical, imaging, and prognostic features were assessed. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (58.5% men, mean [standard deviation] age 61 [17] years) were included in the study. Thirty-one patients (75.6%) presented vascular risk factors. Motor deficits were recorded in 39 (95.1%), pain in 20 (48.8%), sensory deficits in 33 (80.4%), and autonomic dysfunction in 24 (58.5%). MRI was performed in 37 (90.2%) patients. Diffusion-weighted images were available for 12 patients, with 10 showing diffusion restriction. The thoracic region was the most frequently affected (68.2%). Vascular imaging studies were performed in 33 patients (80.4%). The most frequent aetiologies were aortic dissection (6 cases), atherosclerosis demonstrated by vascular imaging (6 cases), fibrocartilaginous embolism (6 cases), surgery (5 cases), and hypotension (4 cases). Aetiology was undetermined in 12 patients (29.3%), although 9 of these presented vascular risk factors. At the end of the follow-up period (median, 24 months; interquartile range, 3-70), 12 patients (29.2%) were able to walk without assistance. Vascular risk factors and paraparesis were significantly associated with poorer prognosis (P < .05). DISCUSSION: Spinal cord infarction may present diverse aetiologies, with the cause remaining undetermined in many patients. Long-term functional prognosis is poor, and depends on baseline characteristics and clinical presentation. MRI, and especially diffusion-weighted sequences, is useful for early diagnosis.

[Psychometric evaluation of breastfeeding self efficiency scale in chilean sample]. / Evaluación psicométrica de la escala de autoeficacia de la lactancia materna, en una muestra chilena.

Breastfeeding self-efficacy is one of the indicators associated with the mental health of puerperal women and the maintenance of exclusive breastfeeding. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the psychometric properties of an instrument to measure self-efficacy to breastfeed on the second postpartum day in the Chilean population. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: A convenience sample of 320 puerperal women who volunteered to participate in an interview on their second postpartum day was evaluated. Reliability was evaluated using the coefficient Cronbach's alpha. To assess its factorial structure, an exploratory factor analysis was performed. RESULTS: The results indicate that the final instrument, which has the factors "Intrapersonal Thoughts", composed of six items and "Breastfeeding Techniques", composed of eight items, presented an internal consistency by factor and total scale of F1 = 0.90, F2 = 0.91, and Total = 0.94, respectively. CONCLUSION: The breastfeeding self-efficacy scale showed good psychome tric characteristics during the second postpartum day among Chilean puerperal women.

First Look Into the Ambrosia Beetle-Fungus Symbiosis Present in Commercial Avocado Orchards in Michoacán, Mexico.

Most beetle-fungus symbioses do not represent a threat to agricultural and natural ecosystems; however, a few beetles are able to inoculate healthy hosts with disease-causing fungal symbionts. Here, we report the putative nutritional symbionts associated with five native species of ambrosia beetles colonizing commercial avocado trees in four locations in Michoacán. Knowing which beetles are present in the commercial orchards and the surrounding areas, as well as their fungal associates, is imperative for developing a realistic risk assessment and an effective monitoring system that allows for timely management actions. Phylogenetic analysis revealed five potentially new, previously undescribed species of Raffaelea, and three known species (R. arxi, R. brunnea, R. fusca). The genus Raffaelea was recovered from all the beetle species and across the different locations. Raffaelea lauricola (RL), which causes a deadly vascular fungal disease known as laurel wilt (LW) in Lauraceae species, including avocado, was not recovered. This study points to the imminent danger of native ambrosia beetles spreading RL if the pathogen is introduced to Mexico's avocado orchards or natural areas given that these beetles are associated with Raffaelea species and that lateral transfer of RL among ambrosia beetles in Florida suggests that the likelihood of this phenomenon increases when partners are phylogenetically close. Therefore, this study provides important information about the potential vectors of RL in Mexico and other avocado producing regions. Confirming beetle-fungal identities in these areas is especially important given the serious threat laurel wilt disease represents to the avocado industry in Mexico.

Resultados asociados con la realización de colecistectomía subtotal en un hospital de tercer nivel de Bogotá / Results of partial cholecystectomy in a tertiary level hospital in Bogotá

Resumen Introducción: La colecistectomía laparoscópica es actualmente el gold standard en patología vesicular litiásica. Hay un grupo de pacientes que tiene un gran proceso inflamatorio que impide la identificación adecuada del triángulo de seguridad. Dado lo anterior, una alternativa es la realización de colecistectomía subtotal por laparoscopia, para reducir el riesgo de lesión de vía biliar. Objetivo: Describir los resultados clínicos y quirúrgicos en pacientes que se sometieron a la realización de colecistectomía subtotal laparoscópica en el Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael en el periodo comprendido entre febrero de 2015 y febrero de 2017. Materiales y Método: Serie de casos, donde se realizó un análisis descriptivo para determinar la distribución de las variables, se utilizaron tablas de contingencia, pruebas Fischer según el caso y su distribución en número y normalidad. Resultados: Se obtuvo información de 28 pacientes, con un promedio de edad de 56,1 años, mayor proporción de hombres. En cuanto a las características clínicas se observaron los antecedentes de diabetes e hipertensión arterial. No hubo complicaciones ni sangrado intraoperatorio importantes. En resultados posoperatorios no se presentó lesión de vía biliar en ninguno, hubo 3 reingresos (10,7%) y hubo una reintervención relacionada con colección intraabdominal. Se reportó una mortalidad secundaria a neumonía. Conclusión: La colecistectomía subtotal es un procedimiento seguro en cuanto a la prevención de lesión de vía biliar.

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is actually the gold standard surgical approach to the gallbladder disease. Some patients with severe cholecystitis and inflammatory changes that makes impossible to dissect the hepatocystic triangle. Is in this case, where the laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy is an option, to reduce the risk of biliary injury. Aim: To describe the clinical and surgical results in patients that underwent in laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy at Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael since February 2015 to February 2017. Materials and Method: A case series study was carried out, with a descriptive analysis to determine the distribution of them. We used contingency tables and fischer tests. Results: 28 laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy. The average age of 56.1 years, fifty percent was men. At the clinical characteristics, the history of diabetes and arterial hypertension was observed. There was no bile duct lesion in any and there was a reintervention due to intra-abdominal collection and only one mortality. 50% had biliary leakage and 25% of cases required endoscopic intervention. Conclusion: Laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy is a safe procedure.

Spinal cord infarction: aetiology, imaging findings, and prognostic factors in a series of 41 patients. / Infarto medular: etiología, hallazgos radiológicos y factores pronósticos en una serie de 41 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord infarction is a rare disease with a high rate of morbidity. Its diagnosis can be challenging and controversy remains regarding the best treatment. Few case series have been published. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of cases of spinal cord infarction attended in a tertiary hospital from 1999 to 2020. Aetiology and clinical, imaging, and prognostic features were assessed. RESULTS: Forty-one patients (58.5% men, mean [standard deviation] age 61 [17] years) were included in the study. Thirty-one patients (75.6%) presented vascular risk factors. Motor deficits were recorded in 39 (95.1%), pain in 20 (48.8%), sensory deficits in 33 (80.4%), and autonomic dysfunction in 24 (58.5%). MRI was performed in 37 (90.2%) patients. Diffusion-weighted images were available for 12 patients, with 10 showing diffusion restriction. The thoracic region was the most frequently affected (68.2%). Vascular imaging studies were performed in 33 patients (80.4%). The most frequent aetiologies were aortic dissection (6 cases), atherosclerosis demonstrated by vascular imaging (6 cases), fibrocartilaginous embolism (6 cases), surgery (5 cases), and hypotension (4 cases). Aetiology was undetermined in 12 patients (29.3%), although 9 of these presented vascular risk factors. At the end of the follow-up period (median, 24 months; interquartile range, 3-70), 12 patients (29.2%) were able to walk without assistance. Vascular risk factors and paraparesis were significantly associated with poorer prognosis (P<.05). DISCUSSION: Spinal cord infarction may present diverse aetiologies, with the cause remaining undetermined in many patients. Long-term functional prognosis is poor, and depends on baseline characteristics and clinical presentation. MRI, and especially diffusion-weighted sequences, is useful for early diagnosis.

Administración de radioyodo en cáncer diferenciado de tiroides bajo régimen hospitalario: a propósito de la implementación del aislamiento de radioyodoterapia en un hospital regional / Administration of radioiodine in differentiated thyroid cancer under a hospital regime: about the implementation of radioiodotherapy isolation in a regional hospital

Resumen Introducción El cáncer diferenciado de tiroides (CDT) presenta un aumento a nivel mundial. El uso selectivo de terapia con radioyodo (RAI) es un pilar de su tratamiento. Su efecto terapéutico se debe a la radiación beta, mientras que la gamma hace que sea necesaria la hospitalización para limitar la exposición de terceros. Objetivo Describir la seguridad de la administración de altas dosis de RAI en pacientes con CDT. Materiales y Método Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. Se incluyó a todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de CDT que requirieron hospitalización para administración de RAI ≥ 30 mCi en el Hospital Regional de Talca (HRT) entre agosto-diciembre de 2018. Resultados Durante el período descrito 10 pacientes recibieron RAI bajo régimen hospitalario. La mediana de dosis de RAI administrada fue de 100 mCi (rango: 50-150 mCi). Todos los pacientes fueron manejados con asilamiento estricto. El promedio de hospitalización fue 28 horas, siendo dados de alta al reportar una tasa de dosis absorbida < 70 µSv/h a 1 metro. Se entregaron instrucciones al alta para minimizar el riesgo de irradiación o contaminación a terceras personas. Conclusiones Nuestro protocolo de administración de RAI permite tratar de manera segura a pacientes con CDT disminuyendo la exposición a radiación de terceros. Las salas de asilamiento de radioyodoterapia, podrían dar cobertura al 100% de la demanda de terapia con RAI en CDT a nivel local.

Introduction Differentiated thyroid cancer (CDT) presents an increase in global levels. The selective use of radioiodine therapy (RAI) is a pillar of its treatment. Its therapeutic effect is due to beta radiation, while gamma makes hospitalization necessary to limit exposure. Aim To describe the safety treated with RAI inpatients and the functioning of the radioactive isolation rooms of our center. Materials and Method Retrospective descriptive study. All patients diagnosed with CDT who required RAI therapy under a hospital regimen at the Regional Hospital of Talca (HRT) between August-December 2018 were included. Results During the period described, 10 patients were treated. The median dose of RAI administered was 100 mCi (range: 50-150 mCi). The average of hospitalization was 28 hours, being discharged when reporting an absorbed dose rate < 70 μSv/h at 1 meter, giving the patient instructions, so that they follow to minimize the risk of irradiation or contamination of people in their environment. Conclusions Our RAI administration protocol allows patients with CDT to be treated safely. The radioactive isolation rooms could cover 100% of the demand for RAI therapy in CDT at the local level.

Oral health in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: before and after chemotherapy treatment.

AIM: To evaluate changes in the oral health status of children under the age of 14 years with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) attending a cancer centre before and after chemotherapy treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 32 children with ALL without distinction of gender were selected for study. The oral cavity of the patients was evaluated before the induction stage and 17 days later. Clinical evaluation of the submandibular, submental, and cervical lymph nodes was performed. Saliva samples were collected during the early morning hours. Bacterial plaque was assessed by using the Silness and Löe plaque index (SLPI) and gingiva status was evaluated with the gingival Löe and Silness index (GLSI). The WHO toxicity oral scale was used to record the degree of oral mucositis. The resulting data were analysed with McNemar's test, t test (for related samples), and Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences for palpable lymph nodes, paleness of oral mucosa, and ecchymoseis, respectively, P ≤ 0.000, P = 0.03, and P = 0.01, with these manifestations decreasing significantly after treatment. Incipient gingivitis had frequencies of 71.9% and 75% before and after treatment, respectively. The mean SLPI score declined significantly from 1.16 ± 0.52 (before treatment) to 0.56 ± 0.36 (after treatment) (P < 0.000); salivary flow increased significantly from 0.54 ± 0.34 to 1.22 ± 1.07 after chemotherapy treatment (P < 0.00). Oral mucositis was present in 24 children (75%) with a 1-2 severity level. CONCLUSIONS: After chemotherapy treatment, there were changes in the oral conditions of children with ALL. Some manifestations decreased after treatment, whereas in others increased.

Regular monitoring of cytomegalovirus-specific cell-mediated immunity in intermediate-risk kidney transplant recipients: predictive value of the immediate post-transplant assessment.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies on monitoring of post-transplant cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) are limited by single-centre designs and disparate risk categories. We aimed to assess the clinical value of a regular monitoring strategy in a large multicentre cohort of intermediate-risk kidney transplant (KT) recipients. METHODS: We recruited 124 CMV-seropositive KT recipients with no T-cell-depleting induction pre-emptively managed at four Spanish institutions. CMV-specific interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were counted through the first post-transplant year by intracellular cytokine staining after stimulation with pp65 and immediate early-1 peptides (mean of six measurements per patient). The primary outcome was the occurrence of any CMV event (asymptomatic infection and/or disease). Optimal cut-off values for CMV-specific T cells were calculated at baseline and day 15. RESULTS: Twelve-month cumulative incidence of CMV infection and/or disease was 47.6%. Patients with pre-transplant CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell count <1.0 cells/µL had greater risk of CMV events (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.84; p 0.054). When the CMI assessment was performed in the immediate post-transplant period (day 15), the presence of <2.0 CD8+ T cells/µL (aHR 2.18; p 0.034) or <1.0 CD4+ T cells/µL (aHR 2.43; p 0.016) also predicted the subsequent development of a CMV event. In addition, lower counts of CMV-specific CD4+ (but not CD8+) T cells at days 60 and 180 were associated with a higher incidence of late-onset events. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring for CMV-specific CMI in intermediate-risk KT recipients must be regular to reflect dynamic changes in overall immunosuppression and individual susceptibility. The early assessment at post-transplant day 15 remains particularly informative.

Fasceítis necrotizante cervical: consideraciones para el manejo precoz / Cervical necrotizing fascitis: considerations for early management

RESUMEN La fasceítis necrotizante cervical (FNC) es una infección que afecta la fascia cervical y tejido subcutáneo, diseminándose rápidamente a través de los planos fasciales con una alta tasa de mortalidad. Si bien, las imágenes son una herramienta de apoyo fundamental para el diagnóstico, éste sigue siendo eminentemente clínico, presentando una rápida progresión de síntomas en pocas horas. El objetivo de esta presentación fue identificar factores descritos con peor pronóstico en el diagnóstico precoz de la FNC. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de serie de casos de pacientes con diagnóstico de FNC en los últimos 10 años en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau (HBLT). Se identificaron 5 pacientes, dentro de los cuales, los parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio a destacar fueron el dolor desproporcionado y rápido deterioro de exámenes de laboratorio. En los casos que había signos sugerentes de FNC en la tomografía computarizada, se favoreció el manejo quirúrgico agresivo, mientras que, en quienes no había imágenes sugerentes de FNC, se postergó el diagnóstico y su manejo precoz, provocando un desenlace fatal. La FNC constituye un cuadro grave en el que la sospecha clínica y rapidez de inicio del tratamiento resultan fundamental en el pronóstico.

ABSTRACT Cervical necrotizing fasciitis (CNF) is an infection that affects the cervical fascia and subcutaneous tissue. It is characterized by a rapid dissemination trough the fascial planes, with a high rate of mortality. Even tough imaging results a fundamental diagnostic tool, it is still made by clinic signs with rapid progression of symptoms in few hours. Here, we identify worse prognostic factors in the precocious diagnosis of CNF, from five cases presented in our center. A descriptive case-series study was performed in patients with CNF in the last ten years in the Otolaryngology Department of Barros Luco Trudeau Hospital. Five patients were identified, between the clinical and laboratory parameters. A disproportional pain and rapid deterioration of the laboratory exams were the most highlighted features. In the cases with suggestive signs of CFN in the CT scan, allowed an aggressive surgical management, while in those that had no suggestive images the diagnosis was delayed and therefore their management ended in a fatal outcome. CFN constitutes a severe picture in wich clinical suspicion and a prompt initiation of treatment are fundamental in its prognosis.

Comparison of the clinical course of Clostridium difficile infection in glutamate dehydrogenase-positive toxin-negative patients diagnosed by PCR to those with a positive toxin test.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the potential role of PCR-based assays in the over-diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) by using a validated diagnostic algorithm in daily clinical practice. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study evaluating all C. difficile-positive stool samples identified at our institution during a 12-month period, to compare outcomes and recurrence rates between patients with a positive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for both glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and toxin A/B ('toxin-positive group'), with those with GDH-positive, toxin-negative samples in whom the diagnosis was made by a positive PCR-based assay ('toxin-/PCR+ group'). Medical records were reviewed by two independent investigators blinded to the mode of diagnosis. RESULTS: We analysed 231 first CDI episodes (106 (45.8 %) in the 'toxin-positive group' and 125 (54.1%) in the 'toxin-/PCR+ group'). Both groups had similar baseline characteristics. Patients in the 'toxin-positive group' presented more frequently with a severe/severe complicated form than those in the 'toxin-/PCR+ group' (36 (33.9%) versus 24 (19.2%); p 0.011) and had more recurrences (27 (25.5%) versus 9 (7.2%); p 0.001). Diagnosis of CDI based on a GDH/toxin-positive EIA independently predicted severe/severe-complicated course (adjusted OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.06-4.22; p 0.033) and recurrence (adjusted OR 3.79; 95% CI 1.65-8.69; p 0.002). There were no differences in all-cause mortality (12.3% versus 12.0%; p 0.95) or CDI-attributable mortality (4.7% versus 4.8%; p 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: Toxin-positive patients were more likely to have severe-complicated forms of CDI and recurrences. Nevertheless, CDI-related complications may still occasionally occur among toxin-negative patients diagnosed by PCR, which stresses the need for individualized clinical evaluation.

[The educational context to train health care professionals. A qualitative approach]. / Condiciones del contexto educativo para ejercer el rol docente en Ciencias de la Salud. Un enfoque cualitativo.

BACKGROUND: There are differences in the educational context in Health Sciences, between clinical and non-clinical teachers. Therefore, the didactic and reflexive peculiarities of both educational scenarios should be analyzed. AIM: To describe the conditions of the educational context in Health Sciences for the practice of the teaching role in a Chilean university. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Qualitative study, performed according to Grounded Theory of Strauss and Corbin. Thirty one teachers from six health sciences programs were selected according to Patton's maximum variation criterion and contacted personally, after an informed consent process. Semi-structured interviews and focus group were performed, analyzed by open coding, using the constant comparison method, with the Atlas-ti 7.5.2 software. RESULTS: Six conditions of the educational context that can support the teaching role in these careers emerged. Namely, a clinical field suited for patient attention and teaching, classrooms designed for the new educational models, number of students in the classrooms and clinical settings, insertion programs for teachers' training, teachers' coordination and economic resources of the program. CONCLUSIONS: Health Sciences programs are developed in a complex educational context, having to articulate diverse elements to train professionals. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the conditions of the educational context that can favor the practice of the teaching role, thus generating improvements in teaching-learning process.

Manejo perioperatorio de pacientes usuarios de antidepresivos / Perioperative management of patients using antidepressants

El uso de antidepresivos en el perioperatorio es muy frecuente, y la práctica clínica indica que los pacientes usuarios de antidepresivos que son sometidos a cirugía tienen un riesgo perioperatorio aumentado. No existen en la actualidad guías clínicas basadas en la evidencia que orienten el manejo de este tipo de pacientes, por lo que las recomendaciones se basan en las escasas revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis disponibles, reportes de casos y opinión de expertos, que en muchos casos resultan controversiales. La decisión de mantener o suspender la medicación antidepresiva implica considerar los riesgos tanto desde el punto de vista fisiológico (características generales del paciente, riesgos asociados al antidepresivo utilizado, la cirugía propiamente como tal, la interacción con fármacos frecuentemente utilizados en el perioperatorio, entre otros) como desde el punto de vista psiquiátrico (riesgo de síndrome de retirada, recaída de la enfermedad psiquiátrica, intentos suicidas), por lo que la decisión debe ser tomada idealmente de forma multidisciplinaria entre cirujanos, anestesiólogos y psiquiatras, con la idea de confeccionar un plan quirúrgico, anestésico y de manejo perioperatorio seguro para el paciente.

Antidepressant use in the perioperative is a common practice, and clinical evidence shows that surgical patients using antidepressants have an increased perioperative risk. There are not evidence-based guidelines for the perioperative management of these patients, and recommendations are based on few systematic reviews and meta-analysis, case reports and expert opinion, which in many cases are controversial. The decision to continue or discontinue the medication involves considering general patient characteristics, risks associated with the antidepressant used, type of surgery, interaction with drugs commonly used in the perioperative, risk of withdrawal symptoms, relapse of psychiatric disease and suicide risk, so decision should be made between surgeons, anesthesiologists and psychiatrists, in order to design a safe management plan for the patient who undergo surgery.

Condiciones del contexto educativo para ejercer el rol docente en Ciencias de la Salud: un enfoque cualitativo / The educational context to train health care professionals: a qualitative approach

Background: There are differences in the educational context in Health Sciences, between clinical and non-clinical teachers. Therefore, the didactic and reflexive peculiarities of both educational scenarios should be analyzed. Aim: To describe the conditions of the educational context in Health Sciences for the practice of the teaching role in a Chilean university. Material and Methods: Qualitative study, performed according to Grounded Theory of Strauss and Corbin. Thirty one teachers from six health sciences programs were selected according to Patton's maximum variation criterion and contacted personally, after an informed consent process. Semi-structured interviews and focus group were performed, analyzed by open coding, using the constant comparison method, with the Atlas-ti 7.5.2 software. Results: Six conditions of the educational context that can support the teaching role in these careers emerged. Namely, a clinical field suited for patient attention and teaching, classrooms designed for the new educational models, number of students in the classrooms and clinical settings, insertion programs for teachers' training, teachers' coordination and economic resources of the program. Conclusions: Health Sciences programs are developed in a complex educational context, having to articulate diverse elements to train professionals. Therefore, it is fundamental to understand the conditions of the educational context that can favor the practice of the teaching role, thus generating improvements in teaching-learning process.

Cuidado perioperatorio de pacientes portadores de dispositivos electrónicos cardíacos implantables / Perioperative care in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices

Dado el creciente número de pacientes con dispositivos electrónicos cardíacos implantables (DECI), que incluyen marcapasos y/o cardiovertores-desfibriladores implantables, el manejo perioperatorio de aquellos que serán sometidos a cirugía requiere que el equipo quirúrgico esté familiarizado con estos dispositivos y sus implicancias, con la finalidad de disminuir los eventos adversos. Las guías clínicas actuales recomiendan un manejo multidisciplinario. Sin embargo, cuando estas condiciones no son posibles, tanto el equipo quirúrgico como anestésico deben ser capaces de proveer un manejo perioperatorio seguro y efectivo. Este debe ser individualizado a cada paciente, tipo de dispositivo y procedimiento quirúrgico al que será sometido, por lo que una única recomendación no es apropiada para todos los casos. En esta revisión se describen las principales recomendaciones para el manejo perioperatorio de pacientes usuarios de marcapasos y/o cardiovertores-desfibriladores implantables.

With the increased number of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED), which include pacemakers and/or implantable cardioverter- defibrillators, the perioperative management of those patients who will be undergoing surgery requires that surgical team to become familiar with these devices and their implications, in order to reduce the adverse outcomes. Current guidelines recommend a multidisciplinary approach of these patients. However, when these conditions are not feasible, both surgical and anesthesia team should be able to provide a safe and effective perioperative environment. This management should be individualized for each patient, type of device and surgical procedure; therefore a single recommendation is not appropriate for all cases. The main recommendations for the perioperative management of patients with pacemakers and/or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are described in this review.

Bayesian networks to identify statistical dependencies. A case study of Spanish university students' habits.

OBJECTIVE: The present study sought to discover the relationships among different features characterizing Spanish university students' habits through a Bayesian network (BN). The set of features with the strongest influence in specific features can be determined. METHODS: A BN was built from a dataset composed of 13 relevant features, determining the dependencies and conditional independencies from empirical data in a multivariate context. The structure was learned with the bnlearn package in R language introducing prior knowledge, and the parameters were obtained with Netica software. Three reasoning patterns were considered to make inferences: intercausal, evidential, and causal reasoning. RESULTS: BN determined the different relationships. Through inference several conclusions were achieved, for instance a high probability value of physical activity in low state was obtained when active peers were instantiated to none state, self-rated fitness to fair state, bmi to normal weight, sitting time to moderate, age to 22-25, and gender to woman state. CONCLUSIONS: Bayesian networks may help to characterize Spanish University students' habits.

Factores que afectan al ambiente educativo en la formación preclínica de medicina según sus docentes / Factors affecting the educational environment in undergraduate medical schools

Background: Educational environment has an important effect on the quality of learning and student satisfaction in medicine. Most of previous studies have been conducted using questionnaires that assess the phenomenon considering overall dimensions, without paying attention to the specific manifestations of this topic, especially those aspects that are related to the protagonists of the learning process: teachers and students. Aim: To describe factors that affect the educational environment in the preclinical Medical formation, according to Medical teachers in Concepción, Chile. Material and Methods: Qualitative study, using the Grounded theory method. Semi-structured interviews were performed to 10 medical teachers in Concepcion, Chile. They were selected by theoretical sampling. Data were analyzed using open coding. Results: Four emerging categories about the factors that affect the learning environment were identified: Personal factors of students, academic factors of students, personal factors of teachers and academic factors of teachers. Conclusions: According to interviewed teachers, both personal factors in teachers and students that promote a positive learning environment are related with an attitude oriented towards others and communication skills. Academic factors are related with the responsible exercise of student and teacher roles and with the promotion of participation in the educational process.

Correlación entre la exploración física y los hallazgos intraoperatorios de patología de hombro tratada mediante artroscopia. Análisis estadístico de 150 pacientes / Correlation between physical examination and intraoperative findings in shoulder disease treated by arthroscopy. Statistical analysis of 150 patients

Introducción. En la patología del hombro pocas son las maniobras exploradoras verdaderamente discriminatorias y útiles en la clínica. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es correlacionar la exploración física del hombro con el diagnóstico real hallado por artroscopia. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo tipo serie de casos de 150 pacientes con las principales patologías quirúrgicas de hombro. Se recogieron datos de la sospecha de cada patología según la exploración física del paciente y el hallazgo real de las mismas durante la cirugía artroscópica. Resultados. Las maniobras de exploración de la lesión de Bankart es la que ha obtenido mejores resultados con un valor predictivo positivo (VPP) del 92,1% y un valor predictivo negativo (VPN) del 99,1%, seguida por el síndrome subacromial con un VPP del 94,4%, la rotura total del manguito con un VPP del 92,3%. La exploración en la lesión SLAP tiene un VPN de 99,1%. Conclusión. La exploración física es suficiente para diagnosticar o descartar una lesión de Bankart. Una exploración física positiva es diagnóstica de rotura total del manguito de los rotadores y no requiere estudios complementarios. Los pacientes con sospecha de síndrome subacromial solo necesitarán una RM confirmatoria si los test físicos son negativos. Las conclusiones extraídas del presente trabajo pueden tener una importante repercusión tanto en ahorro de costes (por reducción de pruebas complementarias), como por ahorro de tiempo en determinados casos en los que, tras la exploración física adecuada, se puede indicar cirugía sin necesidad de pasos intermedios (AU)

Introduction. Only a few clinical exploratory manoeuvres are truly discriminatory and useful in shoulder disease. The aim of this study is to correlate the physical examination results of the shoulder with the true diagnosis found by arthroscopy. Methods. A retrospective case series of 150 patients with the most common surgical conditions of the shoulder. Data were collected on the suspicion of each pathology, the physical examination of the patient, and the actual discovery of the disease during arthroscopic surgery. Results. The Bankart examination manoeuvres of the lesion show the best results, with a 92.1% positive prediction value (PPV), a 99.1% negative predictive value (NPV), followed by the impingement syndrome, with a PPV of 94.4%, and total cuff rupture with a PPV of 92.3%.Exploration of the superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion had an NPV of 99.1%. Conclusion. Physical examination is sufficient to diagnose or rule out Bankart. A positive physical examination provides the complete rupture of the rotator cuff, and requires further studies. The patients suspected of subacromial syndrome only need an NMR if the physical tests are negative. The conclusions drawn from this work can have a significant impact on both cost savings (by reducing forward tests), and saving time in certain cases in which, after appropriate physical examination, surgery may be indicated without losing time in intermediate steps (AU)

Improving quality in healthcare: What makes a satisfied patient? / Mejora de la calidad en los cuidados de salud: ¿Qué hace que un paciente esté satisfecho?

Objective. To update the metric properties of a perceived quality questionnaire for patients admitted to hospital medical departments, to determine the level of patient satisfaction achieved, and to identify the variables which predict satisfaction. Methods. Self-administered questionnaire completed at home following patient discharge, using a questionnaire prepared by the authors on a sample of 7207 users of medical departments in 9 public hospitals during the years 2006-2009. A principal component analysis with varimax rotation was performed. Reliability was assessed using internal consistency coefficient. An analysis was made of the compliance with each indicator reported by respondents. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the perceived quality dimensions which predicted overall patient satisfaction. Results. The results of the reliability analysis indicated good coefficients for interpersonal manner (0.94) and professional competence (0.85) dimensions, and moderate values for the other dimensions (comfort 0.55, information 0.38, and organisation 0.37). Factor analyses showed single factors in each of the perceived quality dimensions, with a percentage of explained variance greater than 35% for information, interpersonal manner, professional competence, and comfort, and less than 30% for organisation. The dimensions which predicted satisfaction were interpersonal manner of healthcare staff, professional competence, and information. Conclusions. The metric properties of the questionnaire used have been updated, yielding a valid and reliable questionnaire for assessing patient satisfaction in quality management programmes, both for internal purposes and for conducting external comparisons. positive relationship was obtained between the level of patient satisfaction and level of professional competence, interpersonal manner of healthcare staff, and information received (AU)

Objetivo. Revisar las propiedades métricas de un cuestionario de calidad percibida de los servicios médicos hospitalarios, determinar el nivel de satisfacción de los usuarios e identificar los indicadores de calidad predictores de satisfacción. Métodos. Se ha utilizado un cuestionario autoadministrado en el domicilio al alta del paciente. La muestra fue de 7.207 usuarios de servicios médicos en 9 hospitales públicos desde 2006 a 2009. Se analizó la fiabilidad (consistencia interna) de las dimensiones de calidad percibida y su validez interna usando análisis de componentes principales. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis de regresión logística para determinar las dimensiones de calidad que mejor predecían la satisfacción del paciente. Resultados. Las dimensiones de trato y competencia profesional mostraron altos coeficientes de fiabilidad (0,94 y 0,85, respectivamente), para el resto de dimensiones los valores fueron moderados (0,37 a 0,55). El análisis de componentes principales indicó que las diferentes dimensiones de calidad (trato, competencia profesional, información, confort y organización) son unidimensionales, explicando cada una de ellas más de un 35% de la varianza, excepto para organización, que fue próxima al 30%. El trato recibido por el usuario, la competencia profesional percibida y la información fueron las dimensiones de calidad que mejor pronosticaron la satisfacción del paciente. Conclusiones. El cuestionario de calidad percibida mostró adecuadas propiedades métricas, siendo válido y fiable para la valoración de la satisfacción del paciente en los programas de gestión de la calidad, tanto con fines internos como para la realización de comparaciones externas (AU)