Impact of Heat Stress on Oocyte Developmental Competence and Pre-Implantation Embryo Viability in Cattle.

Rectal and vaginal temperatures are utilised in both in vivo and in vitro models to study the effects of heat stress on oocyte competence and embryo viability in cattle. However, uterine temperature increases by only 0.5 °C in heat-stressed cows, significantly lower than simulated increases in in vitro models. Temperature variations within oviducts and ovarian follicles during heat stress are poorly understood or unavailable, and evidence is lacking that oocytes and pre-implantation embryos experience mild (40 °C) or severe (41 °C) heat stress inside the ovarian follicle and the oviduct and uterus, respectively. Gathering detailed temperature data from the reproductive tract and follicles is crucial to accurately assess oocyte competence and embryo viability under realistic heat stress conditions. Potential harm from heat stress on oocytes and embryos may result from reduced nutrient availability (e.g., diminished blood flow to the reproductive tract) or other unidentified mechanisms affecting tissue function rather than direct thermal effects. Refining in vivo stress models in cattle is essential to accurately identify animals truly experiencing heat stress, rather than assuming heat stress exposure as done in most studies. This will improve model reliability and aid in the selection of heat-tolerant animals.

Allelic and genotypic frequencies of SNP related to beef and carcass quality in Romosinuano cattle in Mexico.

Romosinuano is a tropically adapted Bos taurus breed, and some Mexican breeders aim to improve it genetically. The aim was to estimate allelic and genotypic frequencies for SNPs associated with meat quality in a Mexican Romosinuano population. Four hundred ninety-six animals were genotyped using the Axiom©BovMDv3 array. Only SNPs related to meat quality in this array were studied in this analysis. The Calpain, Calpastatin, and Melanocortin-4 receptor alleles were considered. Allelic and genotypic frequencies and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were estimated with the PLINK software. Alleles associated with meat tenderness and higher marbling scores were found in the Romosinuano cattle population. CAPN1_4751 was not found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The rest of the markers could not be affected by selection and inbreeding. Romosinuano cattle in Mexico have similar genotypic frequencies in markers related to meat quality to Bos taurus breeds known for their meat tenderness. Breeders can choose a marker-assisted selection to improve meat quality characteristics.

First report and risk of infection of Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1761) in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis - Linnaeus, 1758) in Mexico.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk of Fasciola hepatica infection in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during peripartum in southeastern Mexico. An observational study was designed, in which 94 pregnant buffalo cows near calving and naturally exposed to F. hepatica were included. Farm visits were made on days 60, 30, 15 prepartum, at calving, and on days 15 and 30 postpartum. Feces were obtained from all animals to confirm the presence of F. hepatica eggs. A group of 49 animals was randomly treated twice at day 60 prepartum and at calving with nitroxynil and the other group (n = 45) was kept untreated. Buffaloes would be treated once presenting a positive coproparasitological diagnosis up to 30 days postpartum. F. hepatica was detected in 5.3% of the buffaloes (5/94) with a prevalence between 1.7 and 12%. It was observed that treated buffaloes had a lower risk (4.08%) of being positive than untreated buffaloes (6.67%) (P > 0.05). It was also found that untreated animals had 1.6 times more risk of being positive than treated buffaloes. This paper presents the first report of F. hepatica in water buffaloes in Mexico, demonstrating that the two preventive treatments reduced F. hepatica egg shedding during parturition. These findings highlight the need for monitoring for F. hepatica even in unreported/silent potential disease areas.

Genomic and phenotypic beef quality indicators of Charolais cattle in México / Indicadores genómicos y fenotípicos para calidad de la carne en bovinos Charolais de México / Indicadores genómicos e fenotípicos na qualidade da carne do gado Charolês no México

Tenderness and marbling are polygenic traits used as indicators of good meat quality. Among different genes related to meat quality, µ-calpaine (CAPN1) and thyroglobulin (TG5) have been specifically linked to tenderness and marbling, respectively. Objectives: to estimate the allelic and genotypic frequencies of markers in CAPN1 and TG5 genes, and relate their presence to beef carcass quality. Methods: CAPN1 and TG5 polymorphisms were identified by PCR-ACRS and PCR-RFLP, respectively, validating their putative effects on beef carcass using real time ultrasound in Charolais candidate sires (n=80). Results: computed genotypic frequencies in CAP4751 and TG5 showed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, while CAP316 expressed deviation from equilibrium. Association analysis indicated a significant effect of CAP4751 on rib eye area (REA) (p<0.05) and intramuscular fat (IMF) (p<0.10), while TG5 showed a significant trend on yield grade (YG). Conclusions: these results support the use of these markers for assessing traits related to meat quality, and warrant further studies to validate their use in cattle herds for breeding purposes.

La terneza y el marmoreo son características poligénicas e indicadoras de calidad en la carne bovina. Uno de los genes relacionados con la terneza en la carne es el gen de µ-calpaína (CAPN), en el cual se han identificado dos polimorfismos CAPN316 y CAPN4751 asociados significativamente a esta característica. En el gen de la Tiroglobulina (TG5) relacionado con el marmoleo, se ha identificado un polimorfismo en la posición -537del gen, asociado a la deposición de grasa intramuscular en bovinos. Objetivo: estimar las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas de tres marcadores genéticos y su asocación con carcaterísticas de calidad de la carne bovina. Métodos: a partir de muestras de sangre de 80 toretes Charolais de 12 meses de edad mantenidos en pruebas de comportamiento, se caracterizaron polimorfismos en los marcadores CAPN316 y CAPN4751 identificados mediante el diseño de oligonucleótidos y la creación de sitios de restricción en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR-ACRS) y de TG5 identifificado mediante PCR- RFLP, se utilizaron cebadores previamente reportados. Resultados: las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas de los polimorfismo de CAPN4751 y TG5 mostraron estar en equilibrio genético; más no para CAPN316. Los análisis de asociación mostraron una diferencia significativa del marcador CAPN4751 sobre el área del músculo Longissimus dorsi (REA) (p<0.05) y grasa intramuscualr (IMF) (p<0.10); mientras que para TG5 hubo una tendencia significativa sobre el grado de rendimiento (YG). Conclusiones: dichos resultados sugieren el efecto potencial de estos marcadores comerciales sobre características de la carne, el estudio propone su uso sinérgico como complemento informativo de indicadores de la calidad en animales reproductores, pero resalta la necesidad de validación extensiva en poblaciones particulares para fomentar su uso en el mejoramiento de la ganadería para carne.

A maciez e o marmoreio são características poligênicas e indicadoras de qualidade da carne. Um dos genes relacionados à maciez da carne é o gene da -calpaína (CAPN1), no qual se tem identificados dois polimorfismos CAPN316 e CAPN4751 associados significativamente com esta característica. No gene da tiroglobulina (TG5) relacionado com o marmoreio, se tem identificado um polimorfismo na posição -537. Objetivo: estimar as frequências genotípicas e alélicas de três marcadores genéticos (SNP) e fazer a respectiva associação dos genótipos e alelos com os indicadores de qualidade da carne, obtendo um efeito significativo sobre algumas características de carcaça estimada pela ultrassonografia em tempo real em touros Charolês no noroeste do México. Métodos: foram identificados polimorfismos em três marcadores SNP a partir de 80 amostras de sangue de novilhos Charolês, sendo os SNP CAPN4751 e CAPN316 identificados após o desenho de oligonucleotídeos iniciadores e a criação de sítios de restrição na reação em cadeia da enzima polimerase (PCR-ACRS). O marcador TG5 foi identificado por PCR-RFLP com sequencias de oligonucleotídeos previamente reportadas. Resultados: Os polimorfismos CAPN4751 e TG5 mostraram estar em equilíbrio genético, mas o CAPN316 esta em desequilíbrio. A análise de associação demonstrou uma diferença estatística significativa para o marcador CAPN4751 em área do músculo Longissimus dorsi (REA) (p< 0.05) e gordura intramuscular (MI) (p<0.10), enquanto que para TG5 houve efeito significativo sobre rendimento (YG). Conclusões: Estes resultados sugerem o efeito potencial destes marcadores comerciais para melhorar as características de qualidade da carne. O estudo propõe a utilização das informações sinergicamente com os indicadores fenotípicos de qualidade da carne, mas salienta a necessidade da validação extensiva em populações específicas para incentivar a sua utilização no melhoramento de gado de corte.

Convenient genotyping of nine bovine K-casein variants

K-casein gene polymorphisms are of major importance in the dairy industry due to their association with different quality and productive traits (i.e., milk protein). Several methods for genotyping this gene have been proposed; however, none are focused on the simultaneous discrimination of nine K-casein variants. A strategy based on PCR-RFLP was designed to characterize nine K-casein variants (A, B, C, E, F², G, H, I and J) and used to genotype three cattle populations: Gyrholando (3/8 Gyr x 5/8 Holstein), Charolais and Carora. The B variant was the most frequent in the Charolais and Carora breeds, with allelic frequencies of 0.60 and 0.59, respectively. In the Gyrholando breed, four variants were found, with the A variant being the most frequent and E and H the least. The genotyping strategy was effective in detection and differentiation of K-casein variants, and it is proposed for use in laboratories with minimal molecular biology equipment for genotyping and evaluation of the phenotypic effects of nine K-casein variants on milk production and quality.

Tipifi cación de tres marcadores genéticos de caracteresde importancia comercial en ganado Charolais: implicaciones en la ganadería para carne en México / Tipificação de três marcadores genéticos de importância comercial em gado Charolês: implicações no gado de corte no México / Three commercial-trait-related genetic markers typification in Charolais cattle: implications for mexican beef cattle production

Fueron obtenidas muestras de toros Charolais de registro (N=130) candidatos a sementales para hatospie de cría manejados en un centro de pruebas de comportamiento productivo, con la finalidad de estimarlas frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas de tres marcadores simples de un solo nucleótido que han sidoasociados con características de calidad de la carne en ganado bovino. Se analizaron dos polimorfismosen el gen Calpaína, CAPN316 y CAPN4751, y la mutación Q204X, privada de la raza Charolais, en el genMiostatina. Se encontró alta frecuencia del alelo normal en CAPN316 (f=0.85) y frecuencia similares delos alelos normal y mutado para el marcador CAPN4751 (f= 0.58 y 0.48, respectivamente). Se analizó lafrecuencia de la mutación Q204X del gen Miostatina, encontrándose baja frecuencia (f= 0.03) atribuiblea la selección negativa para la característica de doble musculatura en los últimos 30 años. Se discutenlas implicaciones del estudio y validación del efecto de estos marcadores en el sistema de productor decarne bovina. La implementación del uso de estos marcadores podría ayudar a incentivar el desarrollo delsistema, el fomento de nichos de mercado para la calidad de la carne y sobre aumentar la rentabilidad delos sistemas de producción de carne actuales.

Samples from registered Charolais sire candidate bulls for breeding herds and managed in aperformance test station (N=130) were analyzed in order to estimate genotypic and allelic frequencies ofthree single nucleotide polymorphisms associated to beef quality traits. Two Calpain gene SNP markers,CAPN316 and CAPN4751, and the Charolais private mutation Q204X associated to double-musclingphenotype, were assessed. High frequency of normal allele was observed in CAPN316 (f=0.85) and similarfrequencies for normal and favorable alleles in CAPN4751 (f=0.58 and 0.42, respectively). For Q204X,a low prevalence for the double muscling promoter allele was observed (f=0.03) attributable to negativeselection criterion over this trait in the last 30 years. Implication and validation effects of the marker effectson the beef production system are discussed. Implementation of marker assisted management could helpsystem development, support creation of quality meat niches and facilitate the increasing profitability forcurrent beef production industry.

Foram obtidas amostras de machos da raça Charolês registrado (N=130) candidatos a seremreprodutores para fazendas de cria, manejados em una central de teste de desempenho, com a finalidadede estimar as freqüências genotípicas e gênicas de três marcadores de um só nucleótido, associados comcaracterísticas de qualidade da carne bovina. Foram analisados os polimorfismos do gen da Calpaína,CAPN316 e CAPN4751, e a mutação Q204X, privada da raza charolês, no gen da Miostatina. Foramencontradas freqüências altas do alelo normal na CAPN316 (f= 0.85) e freqüências similares dos alelosnormal e mutado para o marcador CAPN4751 (f=0.58 e 0.48, respectivamente). Foi encontrada baixafreqüência da mutação Q204X do gen Miostatina (f=0.03) devido à seleção negativa para a característicade dupla musculatura nos últimos 30 anos. O uso destes marcadores poderia ajudar a incentivar odesenvolvimento e fomento de mercados específicos para qualidade de carne e aumentar a rentabilidadedos sistemas de produção de carne atuais.