Efectos agudos del ejercicio físico sobre el estado de ánimo y la HRV / Acute effects of exercise on mood and HRV

El objetivo del estudio es analizar los efectos agudos del ejercicio físico sobre el estado de ánimo y la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (HRV), en personas activas y sedentarias. Para ello participaron 30 estudiantes clasificados en Activos y No activos. En una sola sesión realizaban una prueba de esfuerzo submáximo (UKK), cumplimentando el Perfil de Estados de Ánimo (POMS) y realizando un test en reposo de la HRV antes y después del ejercicio. Los resultados indican una mejora en el estado de ánimo, aumentando en los factores de Vigor y Fatiga y disminuyendo en Tensión y Depresión después del ejercicio. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del nivel de ejercicio físico de los participantes en el nivel de Depresión, al observarse una mayor disminución después del ejercicio en los Activos. La HRV también mostró diferencias entre Activos y No activos en los parámetros de dominio frecuencial, LFnu2 y HFnu2 (AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of exercise on mood and on heart rate variability (HRV), in active and sedentary people. This involved 30 undergraduates classified into Active and Non active participants. In a single session participants performed a submaximal exercise test (UKK), answered the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and performed before and after the exercise a test of HRV at rest. The participants improved their mood state, by increasing Vigor and Fatigue factors and decreased Tension and Depression after the exercise test. Moreover, Active participants presented a significant higher decrease in Depression after exercise than Non active. HRV analysis also showed differences between Active and Non active participants in the frequency domain parameters LFnu2 and HFnu2 (AU)

A methodology to quantify the differences between alternative methods of heart rate variability measurement.

This work proposes a systematic procedure to report the differences between heart rate variability time series obtained from alternative measurements reporting the spread and mean of the differences as well as the agreement between measuring procedures and quantifying how stationary, random and normal the differences between alternative measurements are. A description of the complete automatic procedure to obtain a differences time series (DTS) from two alternative methods, a proposal of a battery of statistical tests, and a set of statistical indicators to better describe the differences in RR interval estimation are also provided. Results show that the spread and agreement depend on the choice of alternative measurements and that the DTS cannot be considered generally as a white or as a normally distributed process. Nevertheless, in controlled measurements the DTS can be considered as a stationary process.

Facial Video-Based Photoplethysmography to Detect HRV at Rest.

Our aim is to demonstrate the usefulness of photoplethysmography (PPG) for analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) using a standard 5-min test at rest with paced breathing, comparing the results with real RR intervals and testing supine and sitting positions. Simultaneous recordings of R-R intervals were conducted with a Polar system and a non-contact PPG, based on facial video recording on 20 individuals. Data analysis and editing were performed with individually designated software for each instrument. Agreement on HRV parameters was assessed with concordance correlations, effect size from ANOVA and Bland and Altman plots. For supine position, differences between video and Polar systems showed a small effect size in most HRV parameters. For sitting position, these differences showed a moderate effect size in most HRV parameters. A new procedure, based on the pixels that contained more heart beat information, is proposed for improving the signal-to-noise ratio in the PPG video signal. Results were acceptable in both positions but better in the supine position. Our approach could be relevant for applications that require monitoring of stress or cardio-respiratory health, such as effort/recuperation states in sports.

Efecto del deporte en el bienestar psicológico de las personas con gran discapacidad física de origen neurológico / Effect of sports in psychological well-being of persons with severe physical disability of neurological origin

La discapacidad física de origen neurológico produce una importante limitación funcional y afectación psicológica que se manifiesta en un menor bienestar personal. La actividad física rehabilitadora y la práctica deportiva forman parte del proceso rehabilitador, pero su efecto en el bienestar no ha sido bien valorado. Objetivo. Este estudio se ha centrado en analizar la relación entre el bienestar psicológico y el tipo de práctica deportiva en personas con discapacidad física de origen neurológico. Sujetos y métodos. Se evaluó el bienestar psicológico de un total de 160 personas con discapacidad mediante el Índice de Bienestar Psicológico (IBP), categorizados en 4 grupos en relación con la práctica de actividad física: rehabilitación, deporte recreación, deporte competición y sedentarios. Resultados. Los resultados muestran que los participantes del grupo de sedentarios presentan significativamente un menor bienestar psicológico para todas las dimensiones del IBP, excepto para la dimensión de bienestar, que el resto de grupos. Por otro lado, los participantes del grupo de deporte de competición presentan valores superiores en las dimensiones de autocontrol y de salud general. Conclusiones. La práctica de actividad deportiva, especialmente competitiva repercute en un mayor bienestar psicológico en personas con gran discapacidad (AU)

Introduction. Severe physical disability having a neurological origin causes significant functional limitation and psychological effects. This is manifested in less personal well-being. Rehabilitative physical activity and practicing sports form a part of the rehabilitation process. However, their effect on well-being has not been positively valued. Objective. This study has focused on the analysis of the relationship between psychological well-being and the type of sport practiced in persons having neurological-based physical disabilities. Subjects and methods. Psychological well-being of 160 disabled persons was assessed using the Psychological Well-Being Index (PWBI). They were categorized into four groups in relation to the practice of physical activity: rehabilitation, sports recreation, sports competition and sedentary activities. Results. The results show that participants in the sedentary group had significantly lower psychological well-being for all the PWBI dimensions than the other groups, except for the welfare dimension. On the other hand, the participants in competitive sports had higher values in self-control and general health dimensions. Conclusions. The practice of sports, especially competitive ones, has an impact on greater psychological well-being in people with severe disabilities (AU)

Ghrelin potentiates TSH-induced expression of the thyroid tissue-specific genes thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and sodium-iodine symporter, in rat PC-Cl3 Cells.

Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide that stimulates pituitary growth-hormone secretion and modulates food-intake and energy metabolism in mammals. It is mainly secreted by the stomach, but it is also expressed in many other tissues such as cartilage or the thyroid gland. In the present study we have analyzed by RT-PCR and using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence the expression and tissue distribution of ghrelin and its functional receptor (GHS-R type 1α) in thyroid cell-lines and in normal and pathological rat thyroid tissue. Additionally, by measuring the incorporation of BrdU, we have investigated if, as previously noted for FRTL-5 cells, ghrelin enhances the proliferation rate in the PC-Cl3 rat-thyrocyte cell-line. Finally, we have determined the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on TSH-induced expression of the tissue-specific key genes involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormone: thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase and sodium-iodine symporter. Our data provide direct evidence that C-cell secreted ghrelin may be involved in the paracrine regulation of the thyroid follicular cell function.

New indices for quantification of the power spectrum of heart rate variability time series without the need of any frequency band definition.

This paper presents a new family of indices for the frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability time series that do not need any frequency band definition. After proper detrending of the time series, a cumulated power spectrum is obtained and frequencies that contain a certain percentage of the power below them are identified, so median frequency, bandwidth and a measure of the power spectrum asymmetry are proposed to complement or improve the classical spectral indices as the ratio of the powers of LF and HF bands (LF/HF). In normal conditions the median frequency provides similar information as the classical indices, while the bandwidth and asymmetry can be complementary measures of the physiological state of the tested subject. The proposed indices seem to be a good choice for tracking changes in the power spectrum in exercise stress, and they can guide in the determination of frequency band limits in other animal species.

Comparison of Omega Wave System and Polar S810i to detect R-R intervals at rest.

The present study was performed to compare R-R interval data and heart rate variability indices obtained from the Polar S810i and the Omega Wave Sport System for a total of 96 adults in a supine position. Data were simultaneously recorded with the Polar S810i and the Omega Wave Sport System and processed by unique software. Bland-Altman analysis for the R-R intervals shows minimal bias for free and paced breathing. No significant differences were observed for heart rate variability indices derived from the signal from both devices, except for the power of the high frequency band and the acceleration changes index during either free or paced breathing. Coefficients of correlations were all above 0.96. These data suggest that both systems are valid to record R-R interval signals and to obtain a valid analysis of heart rate variability. However, Omega Wave Sport System enables data to be collected without any artifacts making the analysis of heart rate variability easier than the analysis of Polar S810i. Nevertheless, Polar S810i continues to be more practical in clinical and applied situations due to the affordability of the device.

Women's roles and family formation in Venezuela: new forms of consensual unions?

This paper assesses the effects of changes in women's education and labor force participation on nuptiality patterns and their implications for fertility decline in Venezuela. Results show that together with delays in union formation, changes in women's education and labor force participation produced a different, more "modern" type of consensual union, which coexists with "traditional" consensual unions. "Traditional" consensual unions remain a substitute for formal marriage among women from rural origins with low levels of education and higher levels of work experience. "Modern" consensual unions appear to be an option for well-educated women of urban origins. As in developed countries, these unions assume the form of a trial period before marriage or an alternative to singlehood. "Modern" consensual unions are more unstable than "traditional" consensual unions and they are associated with lower fertility.

Migradollars and development: a reconsideration of the Mexican case.

"Economic arguments, quantitative data, and ethnographic case studies are presented to counter popular misconceptions about international labor migration and its economic consequences in Mexico. The prevailing view is that Mexico-U.S. migration discourages autonomous economic growth within Mexico, at both the local and national levels, and that it promotes economic dependency. However, results estimated from a multiplier model suggest that the inflow of migradollars stimulates economic activity, both directly and indirectly, and that it leads to significantly higher levels of employment, investment, and income within specific communities and the nation as a whole. The annual arrival of around $2 billion migradollars generates economic activity that accounts for 10 percent of Mexico's output and 3 percent of its Gross Domestic Product."

International migration and development in Mexican communities.

The theoretical and empirical literature generally regards international migration as producing a cycle of dependency and stunted development in sending communities. Most migrants' earnings are spent on consumption; few funds are channeled into productive investment. We argue that this view is misleading because it ignores the conditions under which productive investment is likely to be possible and profitable. We analyze the determinants of migrants' savings and remittance decisions, using variables defined at the individual, household, community, and macroeconomic levels. We identify the conditions under which U.S. earnings are repatriated to Mexico as remittances and savings, and indicate the factors leading to their productive investment.

Esclerodermia difusa / Diffuse scleroderma

Se presentan 12 pacientes con esclerodermia difusa,3 hombres y 9 mujeres entre 19 y 60 anios de edad, con un tiempo de evolucion entre 1 y 8 anios (un promedio de 4,5 anios)Se trata de pacientes con esclerosis difusa de la piel y compromiso de varios organos internos, pero con una buena evolucion y sobrevida en la mayoria de ellos (solo 2 fallecidos). La mayoria presento estabilizaciono regresion espontanea de la esclerosis. Cuatro pacientes recibieron ketotifeno(1 a 2 mg/dia)y uno penicilamina en dosis y tiempo insuficiente. No hubo mejoria objetivable de la esclerosis. Todos recibieron tratamiento para el fenomeno Raynaud (Nifedipina 30 a40 mg/dia) y el requerido para su compromiso visceral. Se efctuo una revision de la bibliografia disponible. Se comentan aspectos clinicos, de laboratorio y pronostico de la esclerodermia difusa

Esclerodermia difusa / Diffuse scleroderma

Se presentan 12 pacientes con esclerodermia difusa,3 hombres y 9 mujeres entre 19 y 60 anios de edad, con un tiempo de evolucion entre 1 y 8 anios (un promedio de 4,5 anios)Se trata de pacientes con esclerosis difusa de la piel y compromiso de varios organos internos, pero con una buena evolucion y sobrevida en la mayoria de ellos (solo 2 fallecidos). La mayoria presento estabilizaciono regresion espontanea de la esclerosis. Cuatro pacientes recibieron ketotifeno(1 a 2 mg/dia)y uno penicilamina en dosis y tiempo insuficiente. No hubo mejoria objetivable de la esclerosis. Todos recibieron tratamiento para el fenomeno Raynaud (Nifedipina 30 a40 mg/dia) y el requerido para su compromiso visceral. Se efctuo una revision de la bibliografia disponible. Se comentan aspectos clinicos, de laboratorio y pronostico de la esclerodermia difusa