RESUMO
As the global population approaches 10 billion by 2050, the critical need to ensure food security becomes increasingly pronounced. In response to the urgent problems posed by global population growth, our study adds to the growing body of knowledge in the field of alternative proteins, entomophagy, insect-based bioactive proteolysates, and peptides. It also provides novel insights with essential outcomes for guaranteeing a safe and sustainable food supply in the face of rising global population demands. These results offer insightful information to researchers and policymakers tackling the intricate relationship between population expansion and food supplies. Unfortunately, conventional agricultural practices are proving insufficient in meeting these demands. Pursuing alternative proteins and eco-friendly food production methods has gained urgency, embracing plant-based proteins, cultivated meat, fermentation, and precision agriculture. In this context, insect farming emerges as a promising strategy to upcycle agri-food waste into nutritious protein and fat, meeting diverse nutritional needs sustainably. A thorough analysis was conducted to evaluate the viability of insect farming, investigate insect nutrition, and review the techniques and functional properties of protein isolation. A review of peptide generation from insects was conducted, covering issues related to hydrolysate production, protein extraction, and peptide identification. The study addresses the nutritional value and global entomophagy habits to elucidate the potential of insects as sources of peptides and protein. This inquiry covers protein and hydrolysate production, highlighting techniques and bioactive peptides. Functional properties of insect proteins' solubility, emulsification, foaming, gelation, water-holding, and oil absorption are investigated. Furthermore, sensory aspects of insect-fortified foods as well as challenges, including Halal and Kosher considerations, are explored across applications. Our review underscores insects' promise as sustainable protein and peptide contributors, offering recommendations for further research to unlock their full potential.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT: The United States is one of the largest catfish producers in the world. Louisiana is the leading producer of wild-caught catfish. Historically, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration inspected all seafood products; however, in 2008, Congress moved the inspection of fish in the order Siluriformes to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food Safety and Inspection Service. Full enforcement of the rule began on 1 September 2017. The present study was conducted to assess the impact of USDA Siluriformes fish regulation on small Louisiana wild-caught catfish processors and to determine the microbiological quality of and Salmonella prevalence in raw fillets. Nine facilities participated in the assessment study. Surveys were conducted before and after full enforcement to identify whether facilities had established prerequisite programs and record keeping associated with sanitation, hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) plans, food defense, and product recall. The processors' attitude about the change in regulations also was analyzed. For analysis of the microbiological quality and Salmonella prevalence, catfish samples were collected once per month for 2 years. Samples were evaluated for aerobic bacteria counts (APC), coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella. The preenforcement survey revealed that only one facility had developed a HACCP plan, but it was not implemented. After 1 year of full enforcement, all the facilities developed and implemented a HACCP plan to process fresh catfish, and 78% of the processors reported a reduction in the amount of catfish processed due to limits in hours of operation and loss of fishermen. For microbiological quality, the mean (±SD) APC and counts of E. coli, coliforms, and S. aureus were 5.01 ± 0.70, 0.58 ± 0.89, 2.16 ± 0.77, and 0.73 ± 1.02 log CFU/g, respectively; 5.3% of the samples was confirmed positive for Salmonella. These findings indicate that after USDA enforcement, facilities improved food safety program documentation; however, the processing practices did not change. The microbial quality of the catfish fillets was within the acceptable levels in accordance with the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods.
