Chronic frontal neurobehavioural symptoms in combat-deployed military personnel with and without a history of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated frontal behavioural symptoms, via the FrSBe self-report, in military personnel with and without a history of blast-related mild traumatic brain injury (mild TBI). METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study of combat-deployed service members leveraging 1-year and 5-year demographic and follow up clinical outcome data. RESULTS: The blast mild TBI group (n = 164) showed greater frontal behavioural symptoms, including clinically elevated apathy, disinhibition, and executive dysfunction, during a 5-year follow-up, compared to a group of combat-deployed controls (n = 107) without mild TBI history or history of blast exposure. We also explored changes inbehaviourall symptoms over a 4-year span, which showed clinically significant increases in disinhibition in the blast mild TBI group, whereas the control group did not show significant increases in symptoms over time. CONCLUSION: Our findings add to the growing evidence that a proportion of individuals who sustain mild TBI experience persistent behavioural symptoms. We also offer a demonstration of a novel use of the FrSBe as a tool for longitudinal symptom monitoring in a military mild TBI population.

The Role of Trust in Older Adult Service Provision at the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused near immediate service delivery adaptation among social service and healthcare sectors. Findings from in-depth interviews with 45 senior leaders of social services and healthcare organizations serving older adults in Washington State elucidate the role of trust in service provision at the onset of the pandemic. First, a history of trust facilitated service adaptation. Intentional outreach, programs, and culturally responsive services sustained trust with service recipients. Providing services and information in an older adult's preferred language built trust. Community networks facilitated and reflected trust between organizations and older adults. Finally, mistrust was prevalent for clients who perceived a high risk of experiencing negative consequences from accessing services. Our findings support the need for culturally and linguistically diverse services. To improve trust, the aging network should strengthen and expand partnerships with community-based organizations who have established trust through history, intentionality, and relevance to their service populations..

Meeting Older Adults' Food Needs During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons And Challenges from Washington State.

The COVID-19 pandemic threatened the ability of nutrition providers to address food insufficiency among older adults. Findings from Household Pulse Survey data and interviews with 23 service leaders in Washington state during the summer of 2020 point to key organizational practices that should inform future emergency food assistance planning. Organizations deeply connected to and trusted by racially and ethnically diverse, unhoused, and low-income older adults are critical to addressing disparities in food insufficiency. Stable and flexible increases in funding would allow these organizations to maintain the effective and culturally-relevant service adaptations they implemented in the first months of the pandemic.

Neuropsychological test validation of speech markers of cognitive impairment in the Framingham Cognitive Aging Cohort.

AIM: Although clinicians primarily diagnose dementia based on a combination of metrics such as medical history and formal neuropsychological tests, recent work using linguistic analysis of narrative speech to identify dementia has shown promising results. We aim to build upon research by Thomas JA & Burkardt HA et al. (J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;76:905-22) and Alhanai et al. (arXiv:1710.07551v1. 2020) on the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Cognitive Aging Cohort by 1) demonstrating the predictive capability of linguistic analysis in differentiating cognitively normal from cognitively impaired participants and 2) comparing the performance of the original linguistic features with the performance of expanded features. METHODS: Data were derived from a subset of the FHS Cognitive Aging Cohort. We analyzed a sub-selection of 98 participants, which provided 127 unique audio files and clinical observations (n = 127, female = 47%, cognitively impaired = 43%). We built on previous work which extracted original linguistic features from transcribed audio files by extracting expanded features. We used both feature sets to train logistic regression classifiers to distinguish cognitively normal from cognitively impaired participants and compared the predictive power of the original and expanded linguistic feature sets, and participants' Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. RESULTS: Based on the area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC) of the models, both the original (AUC = 0.882) and expanded (AUC = 0.883) feature sets outperformed MMSE (AUC = 0.870) in classifying cognitively impaired and cognitively normal participants. Although the original and expanded feature sets had similar AUC, the expanded feature set showed better positive and negative predictive value [expanded: positive predictive value (PPV) = 0.738, negative predictive value (NPV) = 0.889; original: PPV = 0.701, NPV = 0.869]. CONCLUSIONS: Linguistic analysis has been shown to be a potentially powerful tool for clinical use in classifying cognitive impairment. This study expands the work of several others, but further studies into the plausibility of speech analysis in clinical use are vital to ensure the validity of speech analysis for clinical classification of cognitive impairment.

Utility of the iPad NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in a clinical trial of older adults.

BACKGROUND: To demonstrate feasibility and utility of the iPad version of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in a clinical trial of older adults. METHODS: Fifty-one adults, aged 55 and older without dementia were tested twice on NIHTB-CB and more traditional paper-and-pencil neuropsychological measures after meal ingestion, with approximately a 4-week interval. We also compared performances at Time 1 and Time 2 for significant change. We also extracted the response times and errors for available NIHTB-CB subtests to determine subtle changes in performance. RESULTS: Over the interval, improvement in fluid cognitive measures was noted at Time 2 (t = -3.07, p = 0.004), whereas crystallized measures were unchanged. Tests of fluid cognition negatively correlated with age, particularly for the second visit. Analysis of the average speed per item showed that, for two of the tests, speed increased at Time 2. Traditional neuropsychological tests correlated with many of the NIHTB-CB measures. Response times for all five timed tests decreased at Time 2, although only statistically significant for Picture Sequence and Picture Vocabulary. CONCLUSIONS: The iPad version of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery appears to be an adequate measure to assess cognitive functioning in a clinical trial of older adults. Psychometric analyses suggest stability in measures of crystallized functioning, whereas measures of fluid abilities revealed improvements over the short time frame of the study. Response times and errors for individual tests revealed intriguing relationships that should be further evaluated to determine the utility in clinical sample analysis, as this could aid identification of subtle cognitive change over short periods. Additional studies with larger sample sizes will be helpful to understanding the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the NIHTB-CB sub-scores in older adults. In addition, further evaluations with clinical populations, including individuals with cognitive impairment, are warranted.

Using Actigraphy to Predict the Ecological Momentary Assessment of Mood, Fatigue, and Cognition in Older Adulthood: Mixed-Methods Study.

BACKGROUND: Sleep quality has been associated with cognitive and mood outcomes in otherwise healthy older adults. However, most studies have evaluated sleep quality as aggregate and mean measures, rather than addressing the impact of previous night's sleep on next-day functioning. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the ability of previous night's sleep parameters on self-reported mood, cognition, and fatigue to understand short-term impacts of sleep quality on next-day functioning. METHODS: In total, 73 cognitively healthy older adults (19 males, 54 females) completed 7 days of phone-based self-report questions, along with 24-hour actigraph data collection. We evaluated a model of previous night's sleep parameters as predictors of mood, fatigue, and perceived thinking abilities the following day. RESULTS: Previous night's sleep predicted fatigue in the morning and midday, as well as sleepiness or drowsiness in the morning; however, sleep measures did not predict subjective report of mood or perceived thinking abilities the following day. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that objectively measured sleep quality from the previous night may not have a direct or substantial relationship with subjective reporting of cognition or mood the following day, despite frequent patient reports. Continued efforts to examine the relationship among cognition, sleep, and everyday functioning are encouraged.

Sleep and everyday functioning in older adulthood.

As individuals age they report increasing numbers of sleep problems (e.g., increased nighttime wakings) and this poorer sleep quality has been associated with increased risk for various medical conditions; however limited research has focused on the implications of sleep quality on everyday functioning in older adulthood. We compared three methods of sleep data collection (wrist actigraphy, self-report questionnaires, and sleep diary) and evaluated their relationships with three approaches to assessing everyday functioning (direct observation, self-report, and paper-and-pencil-based problem-solving tasks) in cognitively healthy older adults. Consistent with previous research, subjective sleep measures correlated significantly with each other but did not correlate with objective sleep measures. Multiple regression analyses revealed neither objective nor subjective sleep measures predicted everyday functioning. Individual variability in sleep may affect prediction of everyday functioning using a cross-sectional sample. Future research should investigate the combined influence of sleep and cognitive factors on everyday functioning in older adults.

Assessment of functional change and cognitive correlates in the progression from healthy cognitive aging to dementia.

OBJECTIVE: There is currently limited understanding of the course of change in everyday functioning that occurs with normal aging and dementia. To better characterize the nature of this change, we evaluated the types of errors made by participants as they performed everyday tasks in a naturalistic environment. METHOD: Participants included cognitively healthy younger adults (YA; n = 55) and older adults (OA; n = 88), and individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI: n = 55) and dementia (n = 18). Participants performed 8 scripted everyday activities (e.g., filling a medication dispenser) while under direct observation in a campus apartment. Task performances were coded for the following errors: inefficient actions, omissions, substitutions, and irrelevant actions. RESULTS: Performance accuracy decreased with age and level of cognitive impairment. Relative to the YAs, the OA group exhibited more inefficient actions which were linked to performance on neuropsychological measures of executive functioning. Relative to the OAs, the MCI group committed significantly more omission errors which were strongly linked to performance on memory measures. All error types were significantly more prominent in individuals with dementia. Omission errors uniquely predicted everyday functional status as measured by both informant-report and a performance-based measure. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that in the progression from healthy aging to MCI, everyday task difficulties may evolve from task inefficiencies to task omission errors, leading to inaccuracies in task completion that are recognized by knowledgeable informants. Continued decline in cognitive functioning then leads to more substantial everyday errors, which compromise ability to live independently.

Cognitive correlates of functional abilities in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: comparison of questionnaire, direct observation, and performance-based measures.

The relationship between, and the cognitive correlates of, several proxy measures of functional status were studied in a population with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants were 51 individuals diagnosed with MCI and 51 cognitively healthy older adults (OA). Participants completed performance-based functional status tests and standardized neuropsychological tests, and performed eight activities of daily living (e.g., watered plants, filled medication dispenser) while under direct observation in a campus apartment. An informant interview about everyday functioning was also conducted. Compared to the OA control group, the MCI group performed more poorly on all proxy measures of everyday functioning. The informant report of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) did not correlate with the two performance-based measures; however, both the informant-report IADL and the performance-based everyday problem-solving test correlated with the direct observation measure. After controlling for age and education, cognitive predictors did not explain a significant amount of variance in the performance-based measures; however, performance on a delayed memory task was a unique predictor for the informant-report IADL, and processing speed predicted unique variance for the direct observation score. These findings indicate that differing methods for evaluating functional status are not assessing completely overlapping aspects of everyday functioning in the MCI population.

Applications of technology in neuropsychological assessment.

Most neuropsychological assessments include at least one measure that is administered, scored, or interpreted by computers or other technologies. Despite supportive findings for these technology-based assessments, there is resistance in the field of neuropsychology to adopt additional measures that incorporate technology components. This literature review addresses the research findings of technology-based neuropsychological assessments, including computer- and virtual reality-based measures of cognitive and functional abilities. We evaluate the strengths and limitations of each approach, and examine the utility of technology-based assessments to obtain supplemental cognitive and behavioral information that may be otherwise undetected by traditional paper-and-pencil measures. We argue that the potential of technology use in neuropsychological assessment has not yet been realized, and continued adoption of new technologies could result in more comprehensive assessment of cognitive dysfunction and in turn, better informed diagnosis and treatments. Recommendations for future research are also provided.

Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the clock drawing test in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease: evaluation of a modified scoring system.

The clock drawing test (CDT) has been used as a screening tool for identifying cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD) and other dementias but has not been extensively evaluated for categorizing individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study used both an established quantitative scoring system and a revised scoring method based on qualitative error criteria developed by Rouleau et al to demonstrate the sensitivity of the CDT to MCI. Participants were 66 cognitively healthy older adult, 33 individuals with MCI, and 33 individuals with AD. Sensitivity analyses of the 2 clock drawing methods revealed that the Modified Rouleau scoring method was more sensitive to MCI than the original Rouleau scoring system. Conceptual, graphic, and spatial-planning difficulties were the most commonly committed errors on the CDT across all groups, and conceptual errors along with graphic difficulties were committed more often in the MCI group than the cognitively healthy control group. Participants in the AD group exhibited greater deficits in all error categories and significantly lower total CDT scores compared to both the MCI and older adult controls. Findings observed in this study suggest that qualitative observations of clock drawing errors can help increase sensitivity of the CDT to MCI and that use of a more detailed scoring system is necessary to differentiate individuals with MCI from cognitively healthy older adults.