Inconsistent Correlation Between Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and Peripheral Arterial Tonometry: Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

To estimate the association between 2 markers for atherosclerosis, measurements of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and of peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT), and to evaluate the role of traditional cardiovascular risk factors in this association.We applied the 2 diagnostic tests to 588 participants from the ELSA-Brazil longitudinal study cohort. The PAT measurements, obtained with the EndoPAT2000, were the reactive hyperemia index (RHI), the Framingham RHI (F-RHI), and the mean basal pulse amplitude (BPA). We used the mean of the mean scores of carotid IMT of the distal layers of the left and right common carotids obtained by ultrasonography after 3 cardiac cycles. We used linear regression and the Spearman correlation coefficient to test the relationship between the 2 markers, and multiple linear regressions to exam the relationship between the RHI/F-RHI scores and the mean BPA and IMT scores after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors.In the multivariate analysis, RHI (but not F-RHI) was positively correlated with the mean of the means of the IMT values after adjusting for sex and risk factors connected with both measures (ß = 0.05, P = 0.02). Mean BPA did not remain significantly associated with IMT after adjusting for common risk factors.We found that the higher the IMT (or the worse the IMT), the higher the RHI (or the better the endothelial function). F-RHI was not associated with IMT. These 2 results are against the direction that one would expect and may imply that digital endothelial function (RHI and F-RHI) and IMT correspond to distinct and independent stages of the complex atherosclerosis process and represent different pathways in the disease's progression. Therefore, IMT and PAT measures may be considered complementary and not interchangeable.

Severe maternal morbidity: a case-control study in Maranhao, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Maternal mortality and morbidity are among the top public health priorities in Brazil, being quite high, especially among the most disadvantage women. A case control study was developed to identify risk factors for severe maternal morbidity in Sao Luis, one of the poorest Brazilian State Capitals. METHODS: The case-control study was carried out between 01/03/2009 and 28/02/2010 in two public high-risk maternities facilities and in two intensive care units (ICUs) for referral of obstetric cases. All cases hospitalized due to complications during gestation period, childbirth or up to 42 days of puerperium and who fulfilled any of Mantel's and/or Waterstone's criteria were identified. Two controls per case were randomly selected among patients of the same clinics discharged for other reasons. Data were obtained through a structured interview as well as from medical charts and prenatal cards and included sociodemographic variables, clinical and obstetric histories, behavioral factors and exposure to stress factors during pregnancy, pre-natal assistance and obstetric complication and childbirth care. RESULTS: In the final model of the unconditional logistic regression analysis, being older than 35 years (OR=3.11; 95% CI:1.53-6.31), previous hypertension (OR=2.52; 95% CI:1.09-5.80), history of abortion (OR=1.61; 95% CI:0.97-2.68), 4-5 pre-natal consultations (OR=1.78; 95% CI:1.05-3.01) and 1-3 pre-natal consultations (OR=1.89; 95% CI:1.03-3.49) were independently associated with severe maternal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: The results corroborate the importance of reproductive healthcare, of identifying a high-risk pregnancy and of a qualified and complete prenatal care to prevent severe morbid events.

The profile of cardiovascular health of elderly Brazilian people needs to improve: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, population-based information on risk factors and their relationship with cardiovascular diseases in the elderly is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and clustering of risk factors and investigate their association with ischemic heart disease (IHD) in elderly people. METHODS: All subjects > or = 60 years of age participating in the "Inquérito domiciliar sobre comportamentos de risco e morbidade referida de doenças e agravos não transmissíveis" (Household Survey on Risk Behaviors and Reported Morbidity of Non Transmissible Diseases and Health Conditions) carried out by the Ministry of Health, in 2002/2003 in 15 capitals and the Federal District were included. The prevalence of risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, inappropriate diet, and obesity) and reported morbidity (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes) was assessed, as well as the association between IHD and clustering of these factors using the Poisson regression model. RESULTS: Elderly individuals represented 13.4% (3,142/23,457), 59.4% women and 40.6% men. The mean age of the participants was 69.5 years. Approximately 50% of participants reported having hypertension, 33% hypercholesterolemia, and 18% diabetes. Smoking and hypercholesterolemia dropped significantly with age. Hypertension, physical inactivity, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia were more prevalent among women. Clustering of two or more factors was observed in 71.3% of the elderly, and diminished with age. Elderly subjects with IHD had a four-fold higher prevalence of clusters with four or more factors (PR=4.1; 95% CI: 2.6-6.4). CONCLUSION: The relationship between IHD and a larger clustering of risk factors probably represents a greater accumulated risk throughout life, but it also indicates the need to improve the risk profile of these elderly people.

O perfil de saúde cardiovascular dos idosos brasileiros precisa melhorar: estudo de base populacional / The profile of cardiovascular health of elderly brazilian people needs to improve: a population-based study

FUNDAMENTO: No Brasil, existe pouca informação de base populacional sobre a aglomeração de fatores de risco e sua relação com doenças cardiovasculares em idosos. OBJETIVO: Estimar prevalência e aglomeração de fatores de risco e investigar associação com doença isquêmica do coração (DIC) em idosos. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos todos os participantes > 60 anos do "Inquérito domiciliar sobre comportamentos de risco e morbidade referida de doenças e agravos não-transmissíveis", realizado pelo Ministério da Saúde em 2002/2003, em quinze capitais e no Distrito Federal. Investigou-se a prevalência de fatores de risco (tabagismo, consumo de álcool, inatividade física, dieta inadequada e obesidade) e de morbidade referida (hipertensão, hipercolesterolemia e diabete), além da associação entre DIC e aglomeração desses fatores pela regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Os idosos representaram 13,4 por cento (3.142/23.457), 59,4 por cento mulheres e 40,6 por cento homens. A idade média foi de 69,5 anos. Prevalências de dieta inadequada, inatividade física, obesidade, tabagismo e consumo de risco de álcool foram 94,4 por cento, 40 por cento, 17 por cento, 12,7 por centoe 3,2 por cento, respectivamente. Cerca de 50 por cento referiram hipertensão; 33 por cento hipercolesterolemia e 18 por cento, diabete. Tabagismo e hipercolesterolemia reduziram significativamente com a idade. Hipertensão, inatividade física, obesidade e hipercolesterolemia foram mais prevalentes em mulheres. Aglomeração de dois ou mais fatores foi observada em 71,3 por cento dos idosos e reduziu com o avançar da idade. Idosos com DIC apresentaram uma prevalência quatro vezes maior de aglomeração de quatro ou mais fatores (RP = 4,1; IC_95 por cento: 2,6-6,4). CONCLUSÃO: A associação entre DIC e maior aglomeração de fatores de risco expressa, provavelmente, maior risco acumulado ao longo da vida, mas indica também a necessidade de melhorar o perfil de risco desses idosos.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, population-based information on risk factors and their relationship with cardiovascular diseases in the elderly is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and clustering of risk factors and investigate their association with ischemic heart disease (IHD) in elderly people. METHODS: All subjects >60 years of age participating in the "Inquérito domiciliar sobre comportamentos de risco e morbidade referida de doenças e agravos não transmissíveis" (Household Survey on Risk Behaviors and Reported Morbidity of Non Transmissible Diseases and Health Conditions) carried out by the Ministry of Health, in 2002/2003 in 15 capitals and the Federal District were included. The prevalence of risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, inappropriate diet, and obesity) and reported morbidity (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes) was assessed, as well as the association between IHD and clustering of these factors using the Poisson regression model. RESULTS: Elderly individuals represented 13.4 percent (3,142/23,457), 59.4 percent women and 40.6 percent men. The mean age of the participants was 69.5 years. Approximately 50 percent of participants reported having hypertension, 33 percent hypercholesterolemia, and 18 percent diabetes. Smoking and hypercholesterolemia dropped significantly with age. Hypertension, physical inactivity, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia were more prevalent among women. Clustering of two or more factors was observed in 71.3 percent of the elderly, and diminished with age. Elderly subjects with IHD had a four-fold higher prevalence of clusters with four or more factors (PR=4.1; 95 percent CI: 2.6-6.4). CONCLUSION: The relationship between IHD and a larger clustering of risk factors probably represents a greater accumulated risk throughout life, but it also indicates the need to improve the risk profile of these elderly people.