Consenso de la Asociación Española de Urología sobre el uso de mallas en la cirugía del prolapso de órganos pélvicos / Consensus statement of the Spanish Association Of Urology on the use of meshes in pelvic organ prolapse

INTRODUCCIÓN: Recientemente la Food and Drug Administration ha prohibido el uso de mallas transvaginales para el tratamiento quirúrgico de los prolapsos de órganos pélvicos (POP) en Estados Unidos. Esto ha suscitado una repercusión a escala mundial en el manejo de la patología del suelo pélvico por parte de los diferentes especialistas. OBJETIVO: Lograr un consenso sobre el uso de mallas en el tratamiento quirúrgico de los POP. ADQUISICIÓN DE DATOS/EVIDENCIA: Se organizó un Comité de expertos de la Asociación Española de Urología (AEU) para una revisión de la literatura y analizar la seguridad y eficacia del uso de mallas de polipropileno en la cirugía de los POP. RESULTADOS/EVIDENCIA DE LA LITERATURA: La evidencia refleja que el uso de mallas, comparado con el uso de tejidos nativos, ofrece una mejor eficacia a expensas de nuevas complicaciones y una mayor tasa de revisiones quirúrgicas, siendo estas menores en manos de cirujanos expertos. CONCLUSIONES: La cirugía del POP debe ser realizada por cirujanos con experiencia, adecuadamente formados y en centros de referencia. El paciente debe recibir una información correcta acerca de las diferentes opciones de tratamiento. Las mallas transvaginales solo deben indicarse en casos complejos y en recidivas tras cirugía del POP. PROPUESTA AEU: Creación de una guía clínica y de un registro nacional para la evaluación a largo plazo. Elaboración de un Consentimiento Informado a disposición de todos los profesionales y pacientes, así como un plan de formación específico para conseguir una mejor capacitación en la cirugía compleja del suelo pélvico

INTRODUCTION: Recently the Food and Drug Administration has banned the use of transvaginal meshes for the surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in the United States. This has caused a worldwide impact on the management of pelvic floor pathology by different specialists. OBJECTIVE: To achieve a consensus on the use of meshes in the surgical treatment of POPs. ACQUISITION OF DATA/EVIDENCE: A Committee of experts of the Spanish Association of Urology (AEU) was organized to review the literature and analyze the safety and efficacy of the use of polypropylene meshes in POP surgery. RESULTS/EVIDENCE FROM THE LITERATURE: The evidence reflects that the use of meshes, compared to the use of native tissues, offers better efficacy at the expense of new complications and a higher rate of surgical reviews, these being minor in the hands of expert surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: POP surgery must be performed by experienced surgeons, properly trained and in referral centers. The patient should receive correct information about the different treatment options. Transvaginal meshes should only be indicated in complex cases and in recurrences after POP surgery. AEU PROPOSAL: Creation of a clinical guideline and a national registry for long-term evaluation. Preparation of an Informed Consent available to all professionals and patients, as well as a specific training plan to achieve better training in complex pelvic floor surgery

Consensus statement of the Spanish Association Of Urology on the use of meshes in pelvic organ prolapse. / Consenso de la Asociación Española de Urología sobre el uso de mallas en la cirugía del prolapso de órganos pélvicos.

INTRODUCTION: Recently the Food and Drug Administration has banned the use of transvaginal meshes for the surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in the United States. This has caused a worldwide impact on the management of pelvic floor pathology by different specialists. OBJECTIVE: To achieve a consensus on the use of meshes in the surgical treatment of POPs. ACQUISITION OF DATA/EVIDENCE: A Committee of experts of the Spanish Association of Urology (AEU) was organized to review the literature and analyze the safety and efficacy of the use of polypropylene meshes in POP surgery. RESULTS/EVIDENCE FROM THE LITERATURE: The evidence reflects that the use of meshes, compared to the use of native tissues, offers better efficacy at the expense of new complications and a higher rate of surgical reviews, these being minor in the hands of expert surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: POP surgery must be performed by experienced surgeons, properly trained and in referral centers. The patient should receive correct information about the different treatment options. Transvaginal meshes should only be indicated in complex cases and in recurrences after POP surgery. AEU PROPOSAL: Creation of a clinical guideline and a national registry for long-term evaluation. Preparation of an Informed Consent available to all professionals and patients, as well as a specific training plan to achieve better training in complex pelvic floor surgery.

Modelo predictivo de mortalidad en pacientes con tumor urotelial de vejiga tras cistectomía radical / Mortality prediction model for patients with bladder urothelial tumor after radical cystectomy

OBJETIVO: Elaborar un modelo predictivo de mortalidad cáncer específica (MCE) a 1, 3, y 5 años basándonos en variables clínicas precirugía y patológicas poscirugía en pacientes con tumor urotelial vesical tratados con cistectomía radical. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis retrospectivo de 517 pacientes diagnosticados de tumor urotelial vesical y tratados con cistectomía radical (1986 y 2009). Se recogieron variables demográficas, clínicas, quirúrgicas y patológicas, así como complicaciones acontecidas y evolución tras cistectomía radical. Análisis comparativo con test de Chi cuadrado y ANOVA. Cálculo de supervivencia con método de Kaplan-Meier y test de log-rank. Análisis univariante y multivariante mediante regresión logística para identificar las variables predictoras independientes de MCE. Se calculó la probabilidad individual de MCE a 1, 3 y 5 años según la ecuación general (función logística). La calibración se obtuvo mediante método de. Hosmer-Lemeshow y la discriminación con elaboración de una curva ROC (área bajo la misma). RESULTADOS: El tumor urotelial vesical fue la causa de muerte en 225 pacientes (45%). Se obtuvo una MCE el 1.°, 3.° y 5.° años del 17%, 39,2% y 46,3% respectivamente. El estadio pT y pN se identificaron como variables pronósticas independientes de MCE al 1.°, 3.° y 5.° años. Se construyeron 3 modelos predictivos. La capacidad predictiva fue del 70,8% (IC95% 65-77%, p = 0,000) para el 1.° año, del 73,9% (IC95% 69,2-78,6%, p = 0,000) para el 3.° año y del 73,2% (IC95% 68,5-77,9%, p = 0,000) para el 5.° año. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo predictivo permite estimar el riesgo de MCE a los 1, 3 y 5 años con fiabilidad del 70,8, 73,9 y 73,2% respectivamente

OBJECTIVE: Based on preoperative clinical and postoperative pathological variables, we aim to build a prediction model of cancer specific mortality (CSM) at 1, 3, and 5 years for patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma treated with RC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 517 patients with diagnosis of cell carcinoma treated by RC (1986-2009). Demographic, clinical, surgical and pathological variables were collected, as well as complications and evolution after RC. Comparative analysis included Chi square test and ANOVA technique. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression to identify the independent predictors of CSM. The individual probability of CSM was calculated at 1, 3 and 5 years according to the general equation (logistic function). Calibration was obtained by the Hosmer-Lemeshow method and discrimination with the elaboration of a ROC curve (area under the curve). RESULTS: BC was the cause of death in 225 patients (45%); 1, 3 and 5-year CSM were 17%, 39.2% and 46.3%, respectively. The pT and pN stages were identified as independent prognostic variables of CSM at 1, 3 and 5 years. Three prediction models were built. The predictive capacity was 70.8% (CI 95% 65-77%, p = .000) for the 1st year, 73.9% (CI95% 69.2-78.6%, p = .000) for the third and 73.2% (CI% 68.5-77.9%, p = .000) for the 5th year. CONCLUSIONS: The prediction model allows the estimation of CSM risk at 1, 3 and 5 years, with a reliability of 70.8%, 73.9% and 73.2%, respectively

Mortality prediction model for patients with bladder urothelial tumor after radical cystectomy. / Modelo predictivo de mortalidad en pacientes con tumor urotelial de vejiga tras cistectomía radical.

OBJECTIVE: Based on preoperative clinical and postoperative pathological variables, we aim to build a prediction model of cancer specific mortality (CSM) at 1, 3, and 5 years for patients with bladder transitional cell carcinoma treated with RC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 517 patients with diagnosis of cell carcinoma treated by RC (1986-2009). Demographic, clinical, surgical and pathological variables were collected, as well as complications and evolution after RC. Comparative analysis included Chi square test and ANOVA technique. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression to identify the independent predictors of CSM. The individual probability of CSM was calculated at 1, 3 and 5 years according to the general equation (logistic function). Calibration was obtained by the Hosmer-Lemeshow method and discrimination with the elaboration of a ROC curve (area under the curve). RESULTS: BC was the cause of death in 225 patients (45%). One, three and five-year CSM were 17%, 39.2% and 46.3%, respectively. The pT and pN stages were identified as independent prognostic variables of CSM at 1, 3 and 5 years. Three prediction models were built. The predictive capacity was 70.8% (CI 95% 65-77%, p=.000) for the 1st year, 73.9% (CI95% 69.2-78.6%, p=.000) for the third and 73.2% (CI% 68.5-77.9%, p=.000) for the 5th. CONCLUSIONS: The prediction model allows the estimation of CSM risk at 1, 3 and 5 years, with a reliability of 70.8, 73.9 and 73.2%, respectively.

Seroprevalencia de Sífilis en donantes del banco de sangre del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo: Periodo 2012- 2014 / Seroprevalence associated with Syphilis in donor blood bank of University Hospital of Maracaibo: Period 2012-2014

La sífilis es una enfermedad infectocontagiosa con afectación sistémica, de evolución aguda o crónica, cuyo agente causal es el Treponema pallidum. Su principal mecanismo de transmisión es el contacto sexual sin protección, seguida de riesgo de contagio por transfusión sanguínea. Objetivo: Determinar la seroprevalencia de sífilis en donantes del banco de sangre del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, periodo 2012-2014. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, no experimental que incluyó encuestas con pruebas serológicas confidenciales basada en el principio de ELISA. Se procesaron un total de 45.356 unidades de sangre. El 84,7% (38.414) de los donantes eran hombres y el 15,3% (6.942) mujeres con una edad promedio de 31,1 años. Durante este periodo se observó que la seroprevalencia general de anticuerpos específicos anti- T. pallidum en estos donantes fue de 2,95% lo que equivale a 1.336 casos de serología positiva, representada por individuos en edades comprendidas entre 29-39 años con un 35,1 % (470). El sexo masculino muestra la mayor frecuencia de donantes positivos con un 87,7% (1.172). Todo esto indica la necesidad de hacer un seguimiento longitudinal a largo plazo y de implementar programas de vigilancia epidemiológica.

Syphilis is an infectious disease with systemic involvement, chronic or acute evolution, whose causal agent is Treponema pallidum. Its main mechanism of transmission is unprotected sexual contact, followed by risk of transmission by blood transfusion. Objective: To determine the seroprevalence associated with syphilis in blood bank donors at the Universitario Hospital of Maracaibo during the period 2012-12014. Methodology: A non-experimental descriptive study, cross-sectional surveys that included confidential serological tests based on the principle of ELISA to detect anti-T. pallidum antibodies was performed. A total of 45,356 units of blood were processed. 84.7% (38,414) of donors were men and 15.3% (6,942) women with an average age of 31.1 years. During this period it was observed that the specific overall seroprevalence of anti- T. pallidum in these donors was 2.95% which is equivalent to 1,336 cases of positive serology, represented by individuals 29-39 aged 35,1% (470). The male shows increased frequency of positive donors with 87.7% (1,172). All this indicates the need for a long-term longitudinal follow and implement epidemiological surveillance programs.

[Cerebellar hemangioblastoma and thrombocytopenia: Report of one case]. / Hemangioblastoma cerebeloso y trombocitopenia: Reporte de caso.

The association between vascular tumors and thrombocytopenia is rare. Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome is seen in childhood and is characterized by hemangiomas and thrombocytopenia. A 42 years-old man with a cerebellar hemangioblastoma and thrombocytopenia, admitted with a subarachnoid hemorrhage is reported. The patient was operated and required a splenectomy to manage the thrombocytopenia. After the splenectomy the patient developed a subdural hematoma that was operated. Despite the surgical treatment, the patient died.

Hemangioblastoma cerebeloso y trombocitopenia: reporte de caso / Cerebellar hemangioblastoma and thrombocytopenia: report of one case

The association between vascular tumors and thrombocytopenia is rare. Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome is seen in childhood and is characterized by hemangiomas and thrombocytopenia. A 42 years-old man with a cerebellar hemangioblastoma and thrombocytopenia, admitted with a subarachnoid hemorrhage is reported. The patient was operated and required a splenectomy to manage the thrombocytopenia. After the splenectomy the patient developed a subdural hematoma that was operated. Despite the surgical treatment, the patient died.

Cambios electrocardiográficos múltiples en síndrome coronario agudo y enfermedad coronaria grave / Multiple electrocardiographic changes in acute coronary syndrome and severe coronary artery disease

Objetivo: Presentar el electrocardiograma de un paciente con hallazgos múltiples en el síndrome coronario agudo y la enfermedad coronaria grave. Métodos: Presentación de un caso con antecedentes y el cuadro clínico de ingreso, el manejo instaurado y el desenlace. Resultados y conclusiones: Las manifestaciones electrocardiográficas del síndrome coronario agudo y la enfermedad coronaria grave van más allá de los cambios en el segmento ST y la T; cambios en la onda P y en la morfología del QRS también son indicativos de mal pronóstico.

Aim: To present the electrocardiogram of a patient with multiple manifestations in the context of acute coronary syndrome and severe coronary heart disease. Methods: Case report including past history, clinical presentation, treatment and outcome. Results and conclusions: Electrocardiographic manifestations in acute coronary syndrome and severe coronary heart disease is beyond ST and T changes; P wave changes and in the QRS wave morphology are indicative of worst prognosis.

Ampliación vesical con uso de aparato digestivo. Indicaciones, seguimiento y complicaciones / Bladder augmentation using the gastrointestinal tract. Indication, follow up and complications

La ampliación vesical utilizando el tracto gastrointestinal tiene por objetivo crear un reservorio de baja presión y alta capacidad, permitiendo una continencia y vaciado adecuados, preservando el tracto urinario superior.OBJETIVO: Analizar las indicaciones, complicaciones y resultados de nuestra serie de enterocistoplastias de aumento.MÉTODO: Revisamos retrospectivamente los pacientes sometidos a enterocistoplastia de aumento en nuestro servicio entre los años 1997 y 2010 ambos inclusive. Las indicaciones fueron: Cistitis intersticial, vejiga neurógena y retracción vesical inflamatoria. En todos los casos se realizó cistografía, uretrocistoscopia, estudio urodinámico y diario miccional, así como los estudios propios de cada patología. Mediante laparotomía media y abordaje extraperitoneal se realiza la liberación vesical con apertura bivalva hasta los orificios ureterales. La ampliación vesical se realiza con un segmento de 15-20 cm de íleon detubulizado a 20 cm de la válvula ileocecal; en los casos de insuficiencia renal se añadió una cuña de 7 cm de cuerpo gástrico. La sonda vesical se retiró tras cistografía a los 15 días. El seguimiento se realizó mediante ecografía con residuo postmiccional, analítica sanguínea, urocultivo y diario miccional.Realizamos un estudio descriptivo de las características demográficas, complicaciones postoperatorias según la clasificación de Clavien y a largo plazo(AU)

RESULTADOS: Incluimos 24 pacientes, 19 mujeres y 5 varones con una edad media de 48,5 años y una mediana de 47 (21-77). El seguimiento medio fue de 7,5 años con una mediana de 8. Las indicaciones fueron: 7 cistitis intersticiales, 9 retracciones vesicales y 8 vejigas neurógenas. No hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias. Las complicaciones postoperatorias fueron 3 Clavien I, 2 tipo II, 2 IIIa y 1 IIIb. A largo plazo 3 pacientes presentan incontinencia urinaria, 2 acidosis metabólica leve, 5 precisan autocateterismos, 6 litiasis vesicales, 2 infecciones urinarias febriles y 1 estenosis de la boca anastomótica. En tres casos se realizó ileogastrocistoplastia sin deterioro hidroelectrolitico ni de la función renal.CONCLUSIONES En pacientes seleccionados la enterocistoplastia de aumento constituye una opción terapéutica eficaz con escasa morbilidad y complicaciones en el tratamiento de la disfunción del tracto urinario inferior(AU)

The purpose of bladder augmentation using the gastrointestinal tract is to create a low-pressure and high-capacity reservoir, permitting suitable continence and voiding, preserving the upper urinary tract.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the indications, complications and results of our series of augmentation enterocystoplasties.METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing augmentation enterocystoplasty in our department between 1997 and 2010, both included. The indications were: Interstitial cystitis, neurogenic bladder and inflammatory bladder retraction. In all cases a cystography, urethrocystoscopy, urodynamic study and voiding diary were performed, as well as the specific studies of each condition. Bladder release is performed by means of medial laparotomy and an extraperitoneal approach with bivalve opening to the urethral orifices. The bladder augmentation is performed with a 15-20 cm segment of detubularized ileum obtained at 20 cm from the ileocecal valve; in cases of kidney failure, a 7-cm gastric body wedge is added. The bladder catheter was removed following cystogram after 15 days.Monitoring was performed by means of ultrasound with postvoid residual, blood analyses, urine culture and voiding diary. We performed a descriptive study of the demographic characteristics, postoperative complications according to the Clavien classification and in the long term(AU)

RESULTS: We included 24 patients, 19 women and 5 men with a mean age of 48.5 years and a median of 47 (21-77). Mean follow up was 7.5 years with a median of 8 (1-11). The indications were: 7 interstitial cystitis, 8 bladder retraction and 7 neurogenic bladder. There were no intraoperative complications. The postoperative complications were 3 Clavien I, 2 type II, 2 IIIA and 1 IIIB.In the long term, 3 patients presented urinary incontinence, 2 mild metabolic acidosis, 5 required self-catheterization, 6 bladder stones, 2 febrile urinary tract infections and 1 stricture of the anastomotic mouth. In three cases, an ileogastrocystoplasty was performed without hydroelectrolytic impairment or impairment of kidney function.CONCLUSIONS: In selected patients, augmentation enterocystoplasty constitutes an efficacious therapeutic option in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction with scant morbidity and few complications(AU)

Bladder augmentation using the gastrointestinal tract. Indication, follow up and complications.

UNLABELLED: The purpose of bladder augmentation using the gastrointestinal tract is to create a low-pressure and high-capacity reservoir, permitting suitable continence and voiding, preserving the upper urinary tract. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the indications, complications and results of our series of augmentation enterocystoplasties. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing augmentation enterocystoplasty in our department between 1997 and 2010, both included. The indications were: Interstitial cystitis, neurogenic bladder and inflammatory bladder retraction. In all cases a cystography, urethrocystoscopy, urodynamic study and studies of each condition. Bladder release is performed by means of medial laparotomy and an extraperitoneal approach with bivalve opening to the urethral orifices. The bladder augmentation is performed with a 15-20 cm segment of detubularized ileum obtained at 20 cm from the ileocecal valve; in cases of kidney failure, a 7-cm gastric body wedge is added. The bladder catheter was removed following cystogram after 15 days. Monitoring was performed by means of ultrasound with postvoid residual, blood analyses, urine culture and voiding diary. We performed a descriptive study of the demographic characteristics, postoperative complications according to the Clavien classification and in the long term. RESULTS: We included 24 patients, 19 women and 5 men with a mean age of 48.5 years and a median of 47 (21-77). Mean follow up was 7.5 years with a median of 8 (1-11). The indications were: 7 interstitial cystitis, 8 bladder retraction and 7 neurogenic bladder. There were no intraoperative complications. The postoperative complications were 3 Clavien I, 2 type II, 2 IIIA and 1 IIIB. In the long term, 3 patients presented urinary incontinence, 2 mild metabolic acidosis, 5 required self-catheterization, 6 bladder stones, 2 febrile urinary tract infections and 1 stricture of the anastomotic mouth. In three cases, an ileogastrocystoplasty was performed without hydroelectrolytic impairment or impairment of kidney function. CONCLUSIONS: In selected patients, augmentation enterocystoplasty constitutes an efficacious therapeutic option in the treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction with scant morbidity and few complications.

[Association between tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes and obesity in Chilean elderly women]. / Asociación entre polimorfismos de la región promotora del gen del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-alfa) con obesidad y diabetes en mujeres chilenas.

BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has an increased expression in the adipose tissue of obese subjects and is involved in insulin resistance. AIM: To screen for associations between -308G/A, -238G/A, -376G/A and -163G/A genetic variants of the TNF-alpha gene, diabetes and obesity-related variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A group of 263 elderly women aged 60-90 years were recruited. Among them, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed and serum lipids measured in 100 women. TNF-alpha genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. RESULTS: No significant differences were found when comparing allele frequencies in TNF-alpha polymorphisms of normal subjects with those having impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. After excluding patients with previous diagnosis of diabetes, no significant differences by polymorphism carrier status were found for plasma levels of lipids, glucose and insulin. Additionally, no significant differences were found for the association between variables related to adiposity and the -308G/A polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS: It is unlikely that polymorphisms in the promoter region of the TNF-alpha gene have a major influence in obesity and diabetes phenotypes in Chilean elderly women.

Asociación entre polimorfismos de la región promotora del gen del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-alfa) con obesidad y diabetes en mujeres chilenas / Association between tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes and obesity in Chilean elderly women

Background : Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) has an increased expression in the adipose tissue of obese subjects and is involved in insulin resistance. Aim: To screen for associations between -308G/A, -238G/A, -376G/A and -163G/A genetic variants of the TNF-alpha gene, diabetes and obesity-related variables. Material and methods: A group of 263 elderly women aged 60-90 years were recruited. Among them, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed and serum lipids measured in 100 women. TNF-alpha genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analysis of restriction fragment lenght polymorphisms. Results: No significant differences were found when comparing allele frequencies in TNF-alpha polymorphisms of normal subjects with those having impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. After excluding patients with previous diagnosis of diabetes, no significant differences by polymorphism carrier status were found for plasma levels of lipids, glucose and insulin. Additionally, no significant differences were found for the association between variables related to adiposity and the ¡308G/A polymorphisms. Conclusions: It is unlikely that polymorphisms in the promoter region of the TNF-alpha gene have a major influence in obesity and diabetes phenotypes in Chilean elderly women.

Angiomixoma agresivo paratesticular. Diagnóstico diferencial de lesiones mixoides paratesticulares / Aggressive paratesticular angiomyxoma: differential diagnosis of myxoide paratesticular lesions

El angiomixoma agresivo es un tumor mesenquimal poco frecuente, descrito sobre todo en área pélvica y genital. Es de crecimiento infiltrativo, con frecuentes recurrencias locales y afecta generalmente a mujeres. Hemos estudiado un caso en un varón adulto con un tumor localizado en escroto (paratesticular). El tumor está compuesto de células fusiformes o estrelladas, en el seno de un estroma mixoide y numerosos vasos grandes y pequeños, algunos con hialinización de la pared. Las células tumorales muestran expresión positiva para receptores hormonales de estrógenos y progesterona. No ha habido recurrencias después de 36 meses del diagnóstico. Es importante el reconocimiento de esta neoplasia por su conducta clínica incierta con riesgo de recurrencias locales. Cuando se sospechosa angiomixoma agresivo se debe realizar resección quirúrgica amplia para prevenir recurrencias. En este trabajo comparamos esta neoplasia mixoide con otros tumores, especialmente angiomiofibroblastoma y liposarcoma mixoide (AU)

Identificación de niñas y niños de la consulta pediátrica que ameritan evaluación psiquiátrica / Identification of boys and girls in pediatrics consultation

Objetivo: determinar el número de niños y niñas entre 4 y 12 de la consulta pediátrica que ameritaban una consulta psiquiátrica. Conclusiones: una quinta parte de niños y niñas de la consulta pediátrica necesita evaluación pediátrica

The high level of aluminum resistance in signalgrass is not associated with known mechanisms of external aluminum detoxification in root apices.

Al resistance of signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf cv Basilisk), a widely sown tropical forage grass, is outstanding compared with the closely related ruzigrass (Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain and Evrard cv Common) and Al-resistant genotypes of graminaceous crops such as wheat, triticale, and maize. Secretion of organic acids and phosphate by root apices and alkalinization of the apical rhizosphere are commonly believed to be important mechanisms of Al resistance. However, root apices of signalgrass secreted only moderately larger quantities of organic acids than did those of ruzigrass, and efflux from signalgrass apices was three to 30 times smaller than from apices of Al-resistant genotypes of buckwheat, maize, and wheat (all much more sensitive to Al than signalgrass). In the presence, but not absence, of Al, root apices of signalgrass alkalinized the rhizosphere more than did those of ruzigrass. The latter was associated with a shortening of the alkalinizing zone in Al-intoxicated apices of ruzigrass, indicating that differences in alkalinizing power were a consequence, not a cause of, differential Al resistance. These data indicate that the main mechanism of Al resistance in signalgrass does not involve external detoxification of Al. Therefore, highly effective resistance mechanisms based on different physiological strategies appear to operate in this species.

[Laparoscopic lymphadenectomy in the treatment of stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumors]. / Linfadenectomía laparoscópica en el tratamiento de los tumores germinales no seminomatosos estadio I.

OBJECTIVE: To review the role of laparoscopic lymphadenectomy for stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis. METHODS: The current literature on this subject is reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of this technique are discussed. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Although there is no agreement on the management of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis, some groups advocate performing retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy after orchidectomy, particularly for tumors with a high risk of dissemination. The laparoscopic approaches that were introduced basically in the 90's, have permitted performing surgical techniques with a low morbidity and a shorter recovery time. Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy is one such technique. According to the experience of several groups, this technique has an acceptable operating time (approximately 5 hours), low complication rate and short hospital stay (2-5 days according to the different series). For those with experience in performing the laparoscopic approach, it is a therapeutic alternative that should be considered for this type of testicular tumor.

Caracterización clínico molecular de la enfermedad granulomatosa crónica autosómica recesiva causada por déficit de p47-phox / Clinical and molecular characterization af autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease caused by p47-phox deficiency

Background: The cytosolic protein p47-phox (phagocyte oxidase) is one of the essential components of the superoxide generating system in phagocytes and its defect causes approximately 30 percent of the chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) cases. Aim: Two patients were studied, belonging to the same family, without a consanguinous background, in which deficiency or absence of superoxide generation was found together with recurrent and severe infections in one case and benign infections in the second. Methods: The presence of gp91-, p67- and p47-phox in patients and controls was determined by Western Blot analysis of granulocytes. Sequencing of PCR amplified DNA was performed by an enzimatic method. Results: Western Blot analysis showed normal expression of gp91 and p67 and absence of p47-phox. The molecular genetic study demonstrated a homocygotic dinucleotide GT (GT) deletion at the beginning of exon 2 of the p47-phox gene. The same mutation has been found in European, American and Japanese patients. Conclusions: The molecular characterization of this pathology done for the first time in Chile is important for diagnostic classification, patient prognosis, and adequate genetic advice and a possible future therapy

[Testicular microlithiasis: diagnosis associated with orchialgia]. / Microlitiasis testicular: diagnóstico asociado a orquialgia.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the possible association between orchidalgia and testicular microlithiasis and to determine if this condition has a negative effect on fertility. METHODS: Two male patients with similar findings of microlithiasis on the testicular ultrasound were studied. One patient had a history of thalassemia and the other patient had intermittent episodes of testicular torsion. A histological study was performed in both patients. RESULTS: The testicular pain remitted spontaneously in the first case and after orchidopexy in the other patient. Biopsy disclosed a diminished spermatogenesis and no anomaly, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings and the reports published in the literature indicate that testicular microlithiasis cannot be considered to be an etiological factor in orchidalgia or infertility.