CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles Grown within Porous Al2O3 and Immobilized on Graphene Nanosheets: A Hierarchical Nanocomposite for Broadband Microwave Absorption.

Demands to develop efficient microwave-absorbing materials are increasing with the advancement of information technology and the exponential rise in the usage of electromagnetic devices. To reduce electromagnetic interference and to overcome the adverse effects caused by microwave exposure resulting from the excessive usage of electromagnetic devices, microwave absorbers are very necessary. In addition, radar-absorbing materials are essential for stealth technology in military applications. Herein, we report a nanocomposite in which CoFe2O4 (CF) nanoparticles were grown within the porous structure of Al2O3 (PA), and this CoFe2O4-loaded Al2O3 (PA-CF) nanocomposite was immobilized on the surface of nanometer-thin graphene sheets (Gr). Owing to the hierarchical structure created by the constituents, the (60PA-40CF)90-Gr10 nanocomposite exhibited excellent microwave-absorption properties in the X-band region with a reflection loss (RL) value of ∼-30.68 dB (∼99.9% absorption) at 10.71 and 9.04 GHz when thicknesses were 2.0 and 2.3 mm, respectively. This nanocomposite demonstrated its competence as a lightweight, high-performance microwave absorber in the X-band region, which can be utilized in the applications of pioneering stealth technology.

Copper dynamics in a tropical estuarine system during dry season.

This is the first study to comprehend copper (Cu)-dynamics in a monsoon fed Indian estuarine system (the Mandovi estuary from the central west coast of India). Distribution and speciation of Cu in estuarine sediment, pore water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and water column was used to understand geochemical cycling of Cu in the estuary. Geochemical fractionation study reveals that sedimentary organic carbon (Corg) was the major hosting phase for non-residual Cu in the sediments. Experimental analysis and chemical speciation modelling suggests that leaching of sedimentary Cu2+, CuCO3 and a fraction of Cu-Corg complexes increased Cu-concentrations in the pore water towards the downstream of the estuary. Dissolved Cu concentration in overlying water column was observed to increase with increasing Cu concentrations in the pore water. This study suggests that chemical speciation of sedimentary Cu play key role in controlling its distribution and dynamics in the tropical estuarine system during dry period.

A "One-Pot" Route for the Synthesis of Snowflake-like Dendritic CoNi Alloy-Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Multifunctional Nanocomposites: An Efficient Magnetically Separable Versatile Catalyst and Electrode Material for High-Performance Supercapacitors.

In this paper, a simple "one pot" methodology to synthesize snowflake-like dendritic CoNi alloy-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposites has been reported. First-principles quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) have been conducted to understand the electronic structures and properties of the interface between Co, Ni, and graphene. Detailed investigations have been conducted to evaluate the performance of CoNi alloy and CoNi-RGO nanocomposites for two different types of applications: (i) as the catalyst for the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol and Knoevenagel condensation reaction and (ii) as the active electrode material in the supercapacitor applications. Here, the influence of microstructures of CoNi alloy particles (spherical vs snowflake-like dendritic) and the effect of immobilization of CoNi alloy on the surface of RGO on the performance of CoNi-RGO nanocomposites have been demonstrated. CoNi alloy having a snowflake-like dendritic microstructure exhibited better performance than that of spherical CoNi alloy, and CoNi-RGO nanocomposites showed improved properties compared to CoNi alloy. The k app value of the (CoNiD)60RGO40-catalyzed reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol is 20.55 × 10-3 s-1, which is comparable and, in some cases, superior to many RGO-based catalysts. The (CoNiD)60RGO40-catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation reaction showed the % yield of the products in the range of 80-93%. (CoNiD)60RGO40 showed a specific capacitance of 501 F g-1 (at 6 A g-1), 21.08 Wh kg-1 energy density at a power density of 1650 W kg-1, and a retention of ∼85% of capacitance after 4000 cycles. These results indicate that (CoNiD)60RGO40 could be considered as a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors. The synergistic effect, derived from the hierarchical structure of CoNiD-RGO nanocomposites, is the origin for its superior performance. The easy synthetic methodology, high catalytic efficiency, and excellent supercapacitance performance make (CoNiD)60RGO40 an appealing multifunctional material.

Synthesis of Various Ferrite (MFe2O4) Nanoparticles and Their Application as Efficient and Magnetically Separable Catalyst for Biginelli Reaction.

Herein, we reports the application of various spinel ferrite nanoparticles, MFe2O4 (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), as efficient catalyst for Biginelli reaction. All ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using a novel aqueous solution based method. It was observed that, the catalytic activity of the ferrite nanoparticles followed the decreasing order of CoFe2O4 > CuFe2O4 > NiFe2O4 > ZnFe2O4. The most important feature of these ferrite nanocatalysts is that, these nanoparticles can directly be used as catalyst and no surface modification or functionalization is required. These ferrite nanoparticles are easily separable from reaction mixture after reaction by using a magnet externally. Easy synthesis methodology, high catalytic activity, easy magnetic separation and good reusability make these ferrite nanoparticles attractive catalysts for Biginelli reaction.

Tunable Twin Matching Frequency (fm1/fm2) Behavior of Ni1-xZnxFe2O4/NBR Composites over 2-12.4 GHz: A Strategic Material System for Stealth Applications.

The gel to carbonate precipitate route has been used for the synthesis of Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75) bulk inverse spinel ferrite powder samples. The optimal zinc (50%) substitution has shown the maximum saturation magnetic moment and resulted into the maximum magnetic loss tangent (tanδm) > -1.2 over the entire 2-10 GHz frequency range with an optimum value ~-1.75 at 6 GHz. Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4- Acrylo-Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) composite samples are prepared at different weight percentage (wt%) of ferrite loading fractions in rubber for microwave absorption evaluation. The 80 wt% loaded Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/NBR composite (FMAR80) sample has shown two reflection loss (RL) peaks at 5 and 10 GHz. Interestingly, a single peak at 10 GHz for 3.25 mm thickness, can be scaled down to 5 GHz by increasing the thickness up to 4.6 mm. The onset of such twin matching frequencies in FMAR80 composite sample is attributed to the spin resonance relaxation at ~5 GHz (fm1) and destructive interference at λm/4 matched thickness near ~10 GHz (fm2) in these composite systems. These studies suggest the potential of tuning the twin frequencies in Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/NBR composite samples for possible microwave absorption applications.

One-Pot Synthesis of (NiFe2O4)x-(SrFe12O19)1-x Nanocomposites and Their Microwave Absorption Properties.

In this paper, we report a simple but novel aqueous solution based 'one-pot' method for preparation of (NiFe2O4)x-(SrFe12O19)1-x nanocomposites consist of hard ferrite-soft ferrite phases. A physical mixing method has also been employed to prepare nanocomposites having same compositions. The effects of synthetic methodologies on the microstructures of the nanocomposites as well as their magnetic and microwave absorption properties have been evaluated. Crystal structures and microstructures of these composites have been investigated by using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. In the nanocomposites, prepared by both methods, presence of nanocrystalline NiFe2O4 and SrFe12O19 phases was detected. However, nanocomposites, prepared by one-pot method, possessed better homogeneous distribution of hard and soft ferrite phases than the nanocomposites, prepared by physical mixing method. Nanocomposites, prepared by one-pot method, demonstrated significant spring exchange coupling interaction between hard and soft ferrite phases and exhibited magnetically single phase behaviour. The spring exchange coupling interaction enhanced the magnetic properties (high saturation magnetization and coercivity) and microwave absorption properties of the nanocomposites, prepared by one-pot method, in comparison with the nanocomposites prepared by physical mixing method as well as pure NiFe2O4 and SrFe12O19 nanoparticles. Minimum reflection loss of the composite was ~ -17 dB (i.e., 98% absorption) at 8.2 GHz for an absorber thickness of 3.2 mm.

Antimicrobial properties of CuO nanorods and multi-armed nanoparticles against B. anthracis vegetative cells and endospores.

Two different kinds of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) namely CuO nanorods (PS2) and multi-armed nanoparticles (P5) were synthesized by wet and electrochemical routes, respectively. Their structure, morphology, size and compositions were characterized by SEM, EDX and XRD. The NPs demonstrated strong bactericidal potential against Bacillus anthracis cells and endospores. PS2 killed 92.17% of 4.5 × 10(4) CFU/mL B. anthracis cells within 1 h at a dose of 1 mg/mL. Whereas P5 showed a higher efficacy by killing 99.92% of 7 × 10(5) CFU/mL B. anthracis cells within 30 min at a dose of 0.5 mg/mL and 99.6% of 1.25 × 10(4) CFU/mL B. anthracis cells within 5 min at a dose of 2 mg/mL. More than 99% of spores were killed within 8 h with 2 mg/mL PS2 in LB media.

Evaluation of folate conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for scintigraphic/magnetic resonance imaging.

The physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticles influence their pharmacokinetics and ability to accumulate in tumors. In this paper we report a facile method to conjugate folic acid molecule to iron oxide nanoparticles to increase the specific uptake of these nanoparticles by the tumor, which will be useful in targeted imaging of the tumor. The iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by alkaline co precipitation method and were surface modified with dextranto make them stable. The folic acid is conjugated to the dextran modified iron oxide nanoparticles by reductive amination process after the oxidation of the dextran with periodate. The synthesized folic acid conjugated nanoparticles were characterized for size, phase, morphology and magnetization by using various physicochemical characterization techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, dynamic light scattering and zetasizer etc. The quantification of the generated carbonyl groups and folic acid conjugated to the surface of the magnetic nanoparticles was done by colorimetric estimations using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The in vitro MR studies were carried out over a range of concentrations and showed significant shortening of the transverse relaxation rate, showing the ability of the nanoconjugate to act as an efficient probe for MR imaging. The biodistribution studies and the scintigraphy done by radiolabeling the nanoconjugate with 99mTc show the enhanced uptake at the tumor site showing its enhanced specificity.

Biotinylated magnetic nanoparticles for pretargeting: synthesis and characterization study.

In this paper, we have proposed a simple method to covalently conjugate biotin to magnetic nanoparticles, which can be targeted to the tumour sites by using pretargeting approach with avidin or streptavidin. Magnetic nanoparticles of manganese ferrite were synthesized by alkaline coprecipitation of ferric chloride hexahydrate, ferrous sulphate heptahydrate and manganese sulphate monohydrate using ammonium hydroxide. The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were then successfully surface modified by using 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, and the amount of aminopropylsilane bound to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles was quantified by measuring the absorbance of a purple-coloured complex (Ruhemann's purple) formed between amine group and ninhydrin at 576 nm. The aminated magnetic nanoparticles were then conjugated to biotin by reacting them with N-hydroxysuccinimide-biotin in dimethylsulphoxide. The successful conjugation of biotin to magnetic nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The size, phase and magnetic nature of the synthesized nanoparticles were analysed by using various techniques like transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry.