A pilot study on AI-driven approaches for classification of mental health disorders.

The increasing prevalence of mental disorders among youth worldwide is one of society's most pressing issues. The proposed methodology introduces an artificial intelligence-based approach for comprehending and analyzing the prevalence of neurological disorders. This work draws upon the analysis of the Cities Health Initiative dataset. It employs advanced machine learning and deep learning techniques, integrated with data science, statistics, optimization, and mathematical modeling, to correlate various lifestyle and environmental factors with the incidence of these mental disorders. In this work, a variety of machine learning and deep learning models with hyper-parameter tuning are utilized to forecast trends in the occurrence of mental disorders about lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption, as well as environmental factors like air and noise pollution. Among these models, the convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, termed as DNN1 in this paper, accurately predicts mental health occurrences relative to the population mean with a maximum accuracy of 99.79%. Among the machine learning models, the XGBoost technique yields an accuracy of 95.30%, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.9985, indicating robust training. The research also involves extracting feature importance scores for the XGBoost classifier, with Stroop test performance results attaining the highest importance score of 0.135. Attributes related to addiction, namely smoking and alcohol consumption, hold importance scores of 0.0273 and 0.0212, respectively. Statistical tests on the training models reveal that XGBoost performs best on the mean squared error and R-squared tests, achieving scores of 0.013356 and 0.946481, respectively. These statistical evaluations bolster the models' credibility and affirm the best-fit models' accuracy. The proposed research in the domains of mental health, addiction, and pollution stands to aid healthcare professionals in diagnosing and treating neurological disorders in both youth and adults promptly through the use of predictive models. Furthermore, it aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers in formulating new regulations on pollution and addiction.

SMARTSeiz: Deep Learning with Attention Mechanism for Accurate Seizure Recognition in IoT Healthcare Devices.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is capable of controlling the healthcare monitoring system for remote-based patients. Epilepsy, a chronic brain syndrome characterized by recurrent, unpredictable attacks, affects individuals of all ages. IoT-based seizure monitoring can greatly enhance seizure patients' quality of life. IoT device acquires patient data and transmits it to a computer program so that doctors can examine it. Currently, doctors invest significant manual effort in inspecting Electroencephalograph (EEG) signals to identify seizure activity. However, EEG-based seizure detection algorithms face challenges in real-world scenarios due to non-stationary EEG data and variable seizure patterns among patients and recording sessions. Therefore, a sophisticated computer-based approach is necessary to analyze complex EEG records. In this work, the authors proposed a hybrid approach by combining traditional convolution neural (CN) and recurrent neural networks (RNN) along with an attention mechanism for the automatic recognition of epileptic seizures through EEG signal analysis. This attention mechanism focuses on significant subsets of EEG data for class recognition, resulting in improved model performance. The proposed methods are evaluated using a publicly available UCI epileptic seizure recognition dataset, which consists of five classes: four normal conditions and one abnormal seizure condition. Experimental results demonstrate that the suggested approach achieves an overall accuracy of 97.05% for the five-class EEG recognition data, with an accuracy of 99.52% for binary classification distinguishing seizure cases from normal instances. Furthermore, the proposed intelligent seizure recognition model is compatible with an IoMT (Internet of Medical Things) cloud-based smart healthcare framework.

An effective correlation-based data modeling framework for automatic diabetes prediction using machine and deep learning techniques.

The rising risk of diabetes, particularly in emerging countries, highlights the importance of early detection. Manual prediction can be a challenging task, leading to the need for automatic approaches. The major challenge with biomedical datasets is data scarcity. Biomedical data is often difficult to obtain in large quantities, which can limit the ability to train deep learning models effectively. Biomedical data can be noisy and inconsistent, which can make it difficult to train accurate models. To overcome the above-mentioned challenges, this work presents a new framework for data modeling that is based on correlation measures between features and can be used to process data effectively for predicting diabetes. The standard, publicly available Pima Indians Medical Diabetes (PIMA) dataset is utilized to verify the effectiveness of the proposed techniques. Experiments using the PIMA dataset showed that the proposed data modeling method improved the accuracy of machine learning models by an average of 9%, with deep convolutional neural network models achieving an accuracy of 96.13%. Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in the early and reliable prediction of diabetes.

SCovNet: A skip connection-based feature union deep learning technique with statistical approach analysis for the detection of COVID-19.

Background and Objective: The global population has been heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic of coronavirus. Infections are spreading quickly around the world, and new spikes (Delta, Delta Plus, and Omicron) are still being made. The real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the method most often used to find viral RNA in a nasopharyngeal swab. However, these diagnostic approaches require human involvement and consume more time per prediction. Moreover, the existing conventional test mainly suffers from false negatives, so there is a chance for the virus to spread quickly. Therefore, a rapid and early diagnosis of COVID-19 patients is needed to overcome these problems. Methods: Existing approaches based on deep learning for COVID detection are suffering from unbalanced datasets, poor performance, and gradient vanishing problems. A customized skip connection-based network with a feature union approach has been developed in this work to overcome some of the issues mentioned above. Gradient information from chest X-ray (CXR) images to subsequent layers is bypassed through skip connections. In the script's title, "SCovNet" refers to a skip-connection-based feature union network for detecting COVID-19 in a short notation. The performance of the proposed model was tested with two publicly available CXR image databases, including balanced and unbalanced datasets. Results: A modified skip connection-based CNN model was suggested for a small unbalanced dataset (Kaggle) and achieved remarkable performance. In addition, the proposed model was also tested with a large GitHub database of CXR images and obtained an overall best accuracy of 98.67% with an impressive low false-negative rate of 0.0074. Conclusions: The results of the experiments show that the proposed method works better than current methods at finding early signs of COVID-19. As an additional point of interest, we must mention the innovative hierarchical classification strategy provided for this work, which considered both balanced and unbalanced datasets to get the best COVID-19 identification rate.

Smartphone-Based Human Sitting Behaviors Recognition Using Inertial Sensor.

At present, people spend most of their time in passive rather than active mode. Sitting with computers for a long time may lead to unhealthy conditions like shoulder pain, numbness, headache, etc. To overcome this problem, human posture should be changed for particular intervals of time. This paper deals with using an inertial sensor built in the smartphone and can be used to overcome the unhealthy human sitting behaviors (HSBs) of the office worker. To monitor, six volunteers are considered within the age band of 26 ± 3 years, out of which four were male and two were female. Here, the inertial sensor is attached to the rear upper trunk of the body, and a dataset is generated for five different activities performed by the subjects while sitting in the chair in the office. Correlation-based feature selection (CFS) technique and particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods are jointly used to select feature vectors. The optimized features are fed to machine learning supervised classifiers such as naive Bayes, SVM, and KNN for recognition. Finally, the SVM classifier achieved 99.90% overall accuracy for different human sitting behaviors using an accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer sensors.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in children.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) presenting in adults is well documented, but the presentation in children is uncommon and is unclear why the disease presents early. Cases in children are identified usually while screening those with a strong family history and less commonly when symptomatic. We present here two children with ADPKD.

Clinical profile of distal renal tubular acidosis.

To determine the clinical profile and progression of renal dysfunction in distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), we retrospectively studied 96 consecutive cases of dRTA diagnosed at our center. Patients with unexplained metabolic bone disease, short stature, hypokalemia, re-current renal stones, chronic obstructive uropathy or any primary autoimmune condition known to cause dRTA were screened. Distal RTA was diagnosed on the basis of systemic metabolic acidosis with urine pH >5.5 and positive urine anion gap. In those patients who had fasting urine pH >5.5 with normal baseline systemic pH and bicarbonate levels (incomplete RTA), acid load test with ammonium chloride was done. A cause of dRTA could be established in 53 (54%) patients. Urological defect in children (22/44) and autoimmune disease in adults (11/52) were the commonest causes. Hypokalemic paralysis, proximal muscle weakness and voiding difficulty were the common modes of presentation. Doubling of serum creatinine during the study period was noted in 13 out of 27 patients who had GFR <60 mL/min at presentation whereas in only one of the 70 with initial GFR >60 mL/min (P <0.005). In conclusion, urological disorders were the commonest cause of dRTA in children while autoimmune disorders were the commonest asso-ciation in adults. Worse baseline renal function, longer duration of disease and greater frequency of nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis and urological disorders were noted in those who had wor-sening of renal dysfunction during the study period.

Symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a retrospective analysis of fifty one cases from a single centre.

OBJECTIVE: Widely prevalent vitamin D deficiency and delayed diagnosis contributes to severe symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism in India. We analysed fifty one consecutive patients of primary hyperparathyroidism managed at our centre. All of them were symptomatic. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty one consecutive cases of symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism, presenting to our centre from January 1994 to May 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical presentation, biochemical, radiological and details of underlying parathyroid lesion were noted. RESULTS: A total of 51 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism were studied. Mean age was 39.5 +/- 11.5 yrs (Range 13 to 70 years, Female: Male 2:1). Mean duration of symptoms was 35.8 + 29.1 months. Bone pains and painful proximal myopathy were the commonest presentation (24/51), followed by pathological fractures in 12 cases. Distal Renal tubular acidosis was diagnosed in 4 cases, 3 of whom normalized after surgery. At initial evaluation, twenty one patients had elevated alkaline phosphatase with normal calcium levels indirectly suggesting associated vitamin D deficiency. Low serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D were documented in five of them. Parathyroid carcinoma was diagnosed in 3 patients. Ectopic parathyroid adenoma was seen in 7 cases (3 mediastinal, 3 intrathyroidal, 1 near left carotid sheath). All the cases responded well to surgical excision. CONCLUSION: Lack of universal screening for hypercalcemia, normocalcemia contributed by associated vitamin D deficiency and lack of awareness about unusual presentations of primary hyperparathyroidism led to delayed diagnosis in our patients. Delayed diagnosis and associated vitamin D deficiency in our patients contributed to greater severity of symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism.