RESUMO
The goal of this study was to develop a minimally-invasive, ultrasound-guided percutaneous flexor tendon sheath lavage technique on cadaver model. Two catheters were inserted using ultrasound guidance at the proximal and distal ends of the tendon sheath in 20 fingers from cadaveric forearms. Percutaneous injection of a saline solution colored with methylene blue resulted in anterograde lavage of the flexor tendon sheath. The technique was successful in 13 out of 20 cases. The proximal catheter was in the correct position in 17 cases and the distal catheter was correctly positioned in 15 cases. The flexor tendons were continuous in all cases and had puncture wounds in 9 cases. Based on our study, this minimally-invasive, ultrasound-guided percutaneous lavage of the flexor tendon sheath was effective in 65% of cases and safe in 100% of cases in the index, middle and ring fingers. If this percutaneous lavage fails, it is always possible to switch to a conventional open technique.
Assuntos
Tendões/diagnóstico por imagem , Irrigação Terapêutica/métodos , Cadáver , Catéteres , Humanos , Azul de Metileno , Ultrassonografia de IntervençãoRESUMO
IRF-5 is a transcription factor activated by toll like receptor (TLR)7 and TLR9 during innate immune responses. IRF-5 activates not only Type I IFN, but also inflammatory cytokines. Most importantly, a genetic variation in the IRF-5 gene shows a strong association with autoimmune diseases such as Lupus. Here, we report that IRF5-deficient mice have attenuated IgG2a/c responses to T-cell-dependent and -independent antigens and to polyoma virus infection. This defect is due to the intrinsic deletion of IRF-5 in B cells, as SCID mice reconstituted with Irf5-/- B cells show a decrease in IgG2a/c expression after viral infection compared with mice that received wild-type B cells. Irf5-/-B cells in vitro have diminished TLR and cytokine-induced class switching to IgG2a/c. Addressing the molecular mechanism, we show that IRF-5 regulates IgG2a/c expression by decreasing Ikaros expression; reconstitution of IRF-5 in Irf5-/- B cells downregulates Ikaros levels and increases switching to IgG2a/c. The IRF site in ikzf1 promoter binds IRF-5, IRF-4 and IRF-8. We show that IRF-8 but not IRF-4 activates the ikzf1 promoter, and IRF-5 inhibits the transcriptional activity of IRF-8. Collectively, these results identify the IRF-5-Ikaros axis as a critical modulator of IgG2a/c class switching.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição Ikaros/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Antígenos/imunologia , Sítios de Ligação , Linhagem Celular , Citidina Desaminase/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Células Germinativas/metabolismo , Humanos , Fator de Transcrição Ikaros/genética , Imunidade Humoral , Switching de Imunoglobulina/genética , Switching de Imunoglobulina/imunologia , Fator Regulador 7 de Interferon/genética , Fator Regulador 7 de Interferon/metabolismo , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/genética , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas com Domínio T/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Ativação TranscricionalRESUMO
Starting from 4-amino-antipyrine, six new compounds were synthesized and characterized. The new compounds contain moieties with particular properties, such are ionophore (benzo-15-crown-5), fluorescent (nitrobenzofurazan), stable free radical (nitroxide), or other types of biological active residues, like nitroderivatives, antipyrine or isoniazid residues. They were fully characterized by appropriate means ((1)H and (13)C NMR, IR, UV-Vis, fluorescence, EPR, elemental analysis) and some of their biological properties were evaluated. Hydrophobicity (R(M0), log P), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and antimicrobial properties are also presented and discussed.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/síntese química , Antioxidantes/síntese química , Antipirina/análogos & derivados , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Pirazolonas/síntese química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antipirina/síntese química , Antipirina/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Pirazolonas/farmacologia , Espectrometria de Fluorescência , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Since the discovery of interferon 50 years ago a great deal of progress has been made in understanding how interferons work and how and why they are induced. Key factors in interferon induction are the interferon regulatory factors (IRF). In this review of IRF we aim to show you not only the historical side of the IRF but also the integral, anti-viral and hematopoetic roles of these transcription factors, as well as the sometimes surprising and even forgotten roles that these proteins play, not only in interferon signaling but throughout the immune system and the body as a whole. Further research will no doubt expand the repertoire of these multifunctional proteins even more.
