The Effectiveness of the Association of Chlorhexidine with Mechanical Treatment of Peri-Implant Mucositis.

(1) Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the benefit of combining chlorhexidine with the mechanical treatment of peri-implant mucositis. (2) Methods: Articles from 2016 to 2021 included in the PubMed and Scopus databases were analyzed, following the PICOS criteria and the randomized controlled study model that used chlorhexidine in various forms in the treatment of peri-mucositis. According to the established criteria, a limited number of studies were selected. These studies had as their criteria of evaluation for the effectiveness of chlorhexidine, plaque indices, bleeding indices and depth probing indices. Chlorhexidine has been used after mechanical debridement as a solution, with different concentrations of 0.06%/0.12%/0.2% alone or in a concentration of 0.03%, in combination with 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride, as well as in the form of a gel with a concentration of 0.2%. (3) Results: The results were assessed to a placebo or other substances, and showed a significant reduction in the indices with a follow-up period ranging from 3 months to 1 year. (4) Conclusions: The association of chlorhexidine with the mechanical treatment of peri-implant mucositis has a role in reducing inflammation, although a complete remission was not obtained in all cases, and the results were not statistically significantly different from the use of other antiseptics.

Clinical Aspects and Therapeutic Management of an Aggressive Manifestation of Stage III Grade C Periodontitis in a Female Teenager.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the improvement of periodontal health in patients with periodontitis treated with non-surgical periodontal therapy and subgingival-administrated local and systemic antimicrobial agents. A female teenager with periodontitis-associated health issues and a history of dental trauma was selected for this study. Clinical indices were obtained, and radiographic examination was performed at the beginning of the study. The patient was treated with periodontal therapy and administration of antibiotics. After this therapy, visits were scheduled at regular intervals to observe the clinical changes. Non-surgical periodontal therapy and administration of local and systemic antibiotics resulted in a reduction in the patient pocket depth probing, plaque index, and bleeding on probing. Gingival and periodontal health improved in terms of gingival overgrowth, plaque, tartar index, and tooth mobility. Suppuration was eliminated, and no gingival inflammation signs were observed.

The Bidirectional Relationship between Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus-A Review.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the presence of a bacterial biofilm known as dental plaque. This biofilm affects the supporting apparatus of the teeth, especially the periodontal ligaments and the bone surrounding the teeth. Periodontal disease and diabetes seem to be interrelated and in a bidirectional relationship, and have been increasingly studied in recent decades. For example, diabetes mellitus has a detrimental effect on periodontal disease, increasing its prevalence, extent, and severity. In turn, periodontitis negatively affects glycemic control and the course of diabetes. This review aims to present the most recently discovered factors that contribute to the pathogenesis, therapy, and prophylaxis of these two diseases. Specifically, the article focuses on microvascular complications, oral microbiota, pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in diabetes, and periodontal disease. As presented in this review, these two diseases require specific/ complementary therapeutic solutions when they occur in association, with new clinical trials and epidemiological research being necessary for better control of this interdependent pathogenic topic.

Role of histopathology in the management of the gingival enlargement in a patient on antihypertensive therapy based on calcium channel blockers: a case report.

Periodontal pathology is often represented by increases in gingival volume, with pronounced inflammatory phenomena. These manifestations require a more accurate diagnosis and knowledge of the etiopathogenic factors involved. The periodontal treatment applied must be related with the etiopathogenic circumstances. Periodontal disease sometimes has a complex appearance, with intertwined local and systemic favorable factors that make it difficult to include it in a certain taxonomic form. Also, in general, the adult patients have associated chronic diseases that involve the administration of several drugs, which induce on long-term both therapeutic and side effects. Furthermore, diseases in the oral cavity may occur frequently, which require complex and associated dental and periodontal treatment, also occlusal rebalancing, which is a real interdisciplinary challenge. In this case report, periodontal status is determined by a combination of local and systemic favorable factors. However, the histopathological analysis of the gingival samples revealed inflammation without characteristic fibrous hyperplasia changes of the Amlodipine calcium channel blocker (CCB) administration, the antihypertensive medication of the patient. Thus, Amlodipine does not have a hyperplasic effect on gingival mucosa in all cases. Therefore, even if they are more expensive, investigations must be complex, if necessary, in establishing the involvement of the side effect of the systemic medication in periodontal pathological changes. CCB systemic medication is essential, even vital, for maintain the arterial pressure at normal values, should not be altered without the real indication and to the recommendation from a specialist doctor, and the periodontal treatment must be focused to eliminate the local factors.

The efficiency of using enamel matrix derivative in therapeutic approach of periodontal furcation defects of maxillary and mandibular molars.

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition which affects the covering and support structures of the teeth and, if left untreated, leads to tooth loss. Resorption of the alveolar bone from bi- and trifurcation regions of a multirooted tooth due to the progression of a periodontal disease bears involvement furcation. The degree of furcation involvement is clinically assessed by changes in the vertical and horizontal plane at the root separation area. In the approach of the furcation treatment, the morphological and functional particularities of pluriradicular teeth must be considered and the current techniques look for solutions for the regeneration of the destroyed periodontal tissues. Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has the role of stimulating healing processes through effects on various growth factors, cement formation, angiogenesis and are used single or in combination with bone graft substitute (BGS) or guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in the complex treatment of periodontal disease. The present study follows PubMed publications on the efficiency of EMD in the treatment of pluriradicular tooth furcations. The findings are that there are not many studies in the usage of EMD associated with the treatment of furcations, but it is an important choice in the complex treatment of destructive periodontal disease, and further studies are needed to be done in periodontal regeneration.

Finasteride and androgenic alopecia; from therapeutic options to medical implications.

Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is an esthetic condition with varying psycho-social implications, easily accepted by some patients and tolerated only with difficulty by others. Modern therapeutic options such as 5α-reductase inhibitors have significant outcomes, but also exert significant side effects in a subset of patients. The literature describes three distinct situations regarding finasteride administration, a compound largely used for AGA. Some studies show finasteride to be very safe with minimal or no side effects. Other studies take a more cautious approach, recognizing such side effects but, at the same time, considering the putative relationship between finasteride and adverse effects to be disputable, given that placebo administration in AGA is associated with relatively similar or even more severe side effects. Finally, some authors/studies are concerned that, when compared to placebo, finasteride administration may result in side effects with greater frequency and severity, and sometimes that persist even after treatment cessation in the form of post-finasteride syndrome. Several factors presented in this paper appear to explain finasteride inconsistency regarding its therapeutic and side effects. Such factors should be further investigated and used to categorize subjects into distinct subgroups, either predisposed to adverse reactions or more tolerant of the finasteride administration.

Immunohistochemical mismatch in a case of rhabdomyoblastic metastatic melanoma.

Melanomas can exhibit a wide range of unusual morphologies due to the neural crest origin of melanocytes. Several authors have documented variations in size and shape of cells, cytoplasmic features and inclusions, nuclear features and cell architecture. Metastatic melanoma with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation is an extremely rare condition with poor prognosis. Few studies concerning rhabdoid or rhabdomyoblastic differentiation in melanoma are currently available and the current report highlights some of the most important immunohistochemical features of this rare entity. We report on a case of a rhabdomyoblastic metastatic melanoma showing intense positivity for both melanocytic and rhabdoid markers in two cell populations dissociated within the tumor with multiple mismatches in immunomarker expression. Improved recognition of this rare morphological pattern may provide the means for developing new techniques to identify novel therapeutic targets, which would improve the prognostic outlook for these patients.

Androgenetic alopecia; drug safety and therapeutic strategies.

INTRODUCTION: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a benign condition with variable psychosocial impact, with some individuals adapting well while others needing therapeutic support. Although 5α-reductase inhibitors like finasteride and dutasteride have proven effective in ameliorating AGA, their use/selection is currently a subject of debate. AREAS COVERED: Treatment of AGA with 5α-reductase inhibitors lead to variable adverse effects and relatively unstable results (therapeutic efficacy ending with treatment cessation), so the choice of optimal therapy is not straightforward. This paper presents a general perspective regarding AGA based on studies listed in PubMed, to better understand/appreciate the opportunity for long term use of medication for a biological condition having non-life threatening implications. Studies focussed on adverse effects suggest that finasteride should be used with caution in AGA, due to considerable and persistent side effects induced in some men. In contrast, efficacy data indicate that dutasteride (a stronger inhibitor) presents superior therapeutic results compared to finasteride. EXPERT OPINION: This paper argues that finasteride should be preferred to dutasteride in the treatment of AGA. Thus, finasteride preserves important physiological roles of dihydrotestosterone (unrelated to AGA) and, in addition, its adverse effects seem to be (at least in part) predictable.

Post-Finasteride Adverse Effects in Male Androgenic Alopecia: A Case Report of Vitiligo.

Finasteride has proved to be relatively safe and effective in the therapeutic management of male androgenic alopecia. However, literature data report several endocrine imbalances inducing various adverse effects, which often persist after treatment cessation in the form of post-finasteride syndrome. Here we present the case of a 52-year-old man receiving finasteride (1 mg/day) who developed an uncommon adverse effect represented by generalized vitiligo 2 months after finasteride discontinuation. Associated adverse effects encountered were represented by mild sexual dysfunction (as determined by the International Index of Erectile Function, IIEF) and moderate depressive symptoms (according to DSM-V criteria), all of these manifestations aggregating within/as a possible post-finasteride syndrome. Further studies should develop and compare several therapeutic approaches, taking into account not only compounds that decrease the circulating dihydrotestosterone level but also those that could block the dihydrotestosterone receptors (if possible, compounds with selective tropism towards the skin). In addition, the possibility of predicting adverse effects of finasteride (according to hand preference and sexual orientation) should be taken into account.

Finasteride adverse effects in subjects with androgenic alopecia: A possible therapeutic approach according to the lateralization process of the brain.

Nowadays, finasteride is a relatively frequently prescribed drug in the therapeutic management of male androgenic alopecia. The reported adverse effects are notable in some patients, consisting in signs and symptoms that are encountered both during finasteride administration and after treatment cessation. Clinical and imagistic data show that cognition and sexuality are two distinct but interrelated environmental functions, most probable due to lateralization process of the brain. Specific for our topic, relatively recent published studies found that frequency and severity of finasteride adverse effects could be interrelated with hand preference and sexual orientation of the respective subjects. This paper tries to explain/support this interrelation through a psychophysiologic approach, to suggest how this premise could be further proved in dermatological practice, and to highlight its relevance in respect to therapeutic approach of male androgenic alopecia. As a possible therapeutic application, subjects having preference for a certain sexual orientation and/or predisposition for a given dominant hand could be advised before finasteride administration, that present an increased risk/sensitivity to develop adverse effects. Finally, even if finasteride and post-finasteride symptoms overlap to a large extent they should be, however, viewed as distinct physiopathologic entities, which could require perhaps different therapeutic approaches.

Are hand preference and sexual orientation possible predicting factors for finasteride adverse effects in male androgenic alopecia?

Sexual side effects of finasteride seem to be redoubtable, being encountered not only during therapy but also after treatment cessation. Consequently, any possible clinical/paraclinical elements that might predict these adverse effects would be useful in the selection of a therapeutic strategy for male androgenic alopecia. Previous published studies show that some compounds that interfere with sexual hormones can decrease sexual activation and response, according to hand preference (as reported for finasteride and tamoxifen) and according to sexual orientation (as noted for bicalutamide). Our preliminary published data and the arguments presented here suggest that these two individual parameters might be used by dermatologists in the therapeutic approach of male androgenic alopecia, so as to alert specific subsets of men, prior to treatment, of the potential increased risk for developing adverse effects to finasteride.

A Pilot Study on Tamoxifen Sexual Side Effects and Hand Preference in Male Breast Cancer.

Recent clinical and imaging studies suggest that sex hormones modulate sexuality according to a psychophysiologic process of lateralization of the brain, with androgens playing a greater role in sexual functioning of left hemibrain/right handedness and estrogens possibly for right hemibrain/left handedness. Based on this perspective, the current study attempted to specify the relationship between hand preference, estrogens, and sexual function in subjects with male breast cancer, taking into account the sexual side effects of tamoxifen as the agent for inhibiting estrogen action. Twenty-eight Romanian men-17 right-handed and 11 left-handed-undergoing treatment with tamoxifen for male breast cancer participated in this study. These men were assessed both prior to and during tamoxifen treatment using the International Index of Erectile Function, a standardized instrument used for the evaluation of various aspects of sexual functioning, including erectile function (EF), orgasmic function (OF), sexual desire (SD), and overall functioning (OF). A main effect for handedness was found on EF, OF, SD, and OS scales, with right-handed men showing higher functioning than left-handed men. Regarding interaction effects, the left-handed group of men showed greater decreased sexual functioning during tamoxifen (on three subscales: OF, SD, OS) compared to right-handed men. Further research should be conducted in order to support and refine this potential lateralized process of sexual neuromodulation within the brain.

A pilot study on the sexual side effects of finasteride as related to hand preference for men undergoing treatment of male pattern baldness.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships between pharmacologically induced deprivation of dihydrotestosterone, sexual arousal, libido and hand preference, by comparing the self-reported sexual response prior to and during reception of the anti-androgen finasteride in men undergoing treatment for male pattern baldness. PATIENTS AND METHOD: In total, 33 sexually healthy Romanian men participated in this study. Patients prospectively provided information regarding their sexual functioning (over 4 weeks), as measured by the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) prior to and after commencing treatment with 1 mg finasteride for male pattern baldness. RESULTS: Overall IIEF scores as well as the erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire and overall satisfaction subscales showed group, treatment and group by treatment effects. The intercourse satisfaction subscale showed group and group by treatment effects. On most subscales, right-handed men showed no effect or lower sexual function whereas left-handed men reported no effect or improved sexual function, primarily. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the sexual effects of dihydrotestosterone deprivation may depend on handedness--a proxy variable that may represent cognitive style--which lends further support to the idea of two distinct neuroendocrine psychosexual axes. They further suggest that detection of such sexual effects may be enhanced by using research methodologies and communication strategies that increase patients' sensitization to such effects.

Preliminary study with bicalutamide in heterosexual and homosexual patients with prostate cancer: a possible implication of androgens in male homosexual arousal.

OBJECTIVE: • Not only has a precise characterization of libido and sexual arousal in men as a central neural process been lacking, but the interactive role of gonadal hormones and sexual orientation in such processes has never been investigated. We investigate the relationships among sexual hormones, sexual arousal, and sexual orientation in men by comparing the self-reported sexual response of heterosexual and homosexual men with locally advanced prostate neoplasm, receiving the non-steroidal anti-androgen bicalutamide as monotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: • 29 Romanian men participated in this study: 17 heterosexual and 12 homosexual. Patients were undergoing treatment for prostate cancer consisting of a standard daily dose of 50 mg bicalutamide, a fast acting non-steroidal anti-androgen with action comparable to other anti-androgen drugs but with reportedly fewer sexual side effects. • Patients retrospectively provided information regarding their sexual functioning measured by the IIEF prior to commencing bicalutamide treatment. • Then, about five weeks later, patients were asked to prospectively provide information regarding their current sexual functioning while undergoing bicalutamide treatment. RESULTS: • Overall IIEF scores as well as the Erectile Function, Orgasmic Function, Sexual Desire, and Overall Satisfaction subscales showed group, treatment, and group by treatment effects. • The Intercourse Satisfaction subscale showed group and group by treatment effects. • On most subscales, homosexual men showed lower functioning than heterosexual men, primarily in response to treatment with bicalutamide. CONCLUSIONS: • Treatment with an anti-androgen in a clinical population of men undergoing therapy for prostate cancer affected homosexual men more than heterosexual men, although not all heterosexual men were unaffected. • These results are discussed in the context of dual sexual natures, a concept recently developed in the sexual literature. • Furthermore, these findings reiterate the importance of incorporating such variables as sexual orientation into studies investigating medical treatments on sexual response.

The evaluation of the periodontium in patients with leukemia using thermographic imaging.

The microbial etiology of gingivitis and marginal periodontitis is unanimously accepted, but several other factors have to be considered. There are many systemic conditions with unvarying manifestations at the level of the gums and deep periodontium; leukemias have varying rates of development, and in most cases a reserved prognosis. In leukemias, periodontal lesions are caused by various microbial factors, coupled with immunological modifications characteristic of the systemic condition and sometimes exacerbated by loco-regional leukocyte infiltration. If the periodontium is free of tumoral infiltrates, then periodontal lesions are easier to treat and the results are more stable. Loco-regional tumoral infiltration requires more sustained local treatment, able to diminish the spread and delay relapse of periodontal lesions. Diagnosing tumoral infiltrates at the level of the oral cavity is therefore of great importance. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging investigations are costly, especially when conducted repeatedly, and histopathological investigations are invasive and predispose to complications. A diagnostic alternative is thermographic imaging; this is useful in inflammations, infections and tumoral infiltrates, and can therefore be used in several distinct pathological medical conditions. Inflammatory and infectious lesions of the oral cavity can be treated locally, and their healing clinically objectified. In the absence of inflammation and infection, any modifications that arise could therefore be attributed with a high probability to loco-regional tumoral infiltrates. The study was conducted on 10 patients at the Fundeni Clinical Hospital, and documented pathological changes at the level of the periodontium, based on clinical, thermographic and histopathological observations. The results suggest that thermographic imaging could be used to reveal possible oral leukemic infiltrates when performed after therapeutic remission of specific infectious and inflammatory periodontal lesions.