Rastreamento da síndrome metabólica em participantesdo programa Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade / Metabolic syndrome screening in the participantsat the Open University of the Third Age

Hábitos alimentares inadequados, sedentarismo e a maior expectativa de vida da população contribuem significativamente para a prevalência da síndrome metabólica. Essa doença predispõe uma pessoa a desenvolver diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e doenças cardiovasculares, as quais têm um amplo impacto na saúde pública, induzindo sobrecarga no sistema de saúde e reduzindo a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos afetados. A síndrome metabólica é uma doença multifatorial e está relacionada ao processo de envelhecimento, contudo, ainda há uma lacuna significativa, em termos de estudos, sobre a prevalência da condição em populações idosas. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo objetivou rastrear a prevalência da síndrome metabólica em participantes da Universidade Aberta da Terceira Idade (UNATI), localizada em Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. Os critérios diagnósticos de síndrome metabólica abordados nesta pesquisa incluem: circunferência abdominal ≥ 90 cm para homens e ≥ 80 cm para mulheres, triglicerídeos ≥ 150 mg/dL, HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL para homens e ≤ 50 mg/dL para mulheres, pressão arterial sistólica ≥ 130 mmHg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica ≥ 85 mmHg ou estar em farmacoterapia para hipertensão, além de glicemia de jejum ≥ 100 mg/dL ou estar em tratamento farmacológico para diabetes. Um total de 44 idosos foram avaliados, apresentando uma média de idade de 66,9 ± 7,1 anos, com uma predominância de mulheres (88%). Os resultados revelaram uma prevalência alarmante de síndrome metabólica, atingindo 36,4% da amostra estudada. Além disso, observou-se uma alta prevalência de condições associadas, como hipertensão arterial (67,2%), sobrepeso (58,6%) e obesidade visceral (31%). Esses achados ressaltam a importância da implementação de medidas preventivas direcionadas à promoção da qualidade de vida saudável e ao controle dos fatores de risco metabólicos.

Inadequate dietary habits, sedentary lifestyle, and increased life expectancy significantly contribute to the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. This condition predisposes an individual to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases, which have a broad impact on public health, inducing a burden on the healthcare system and reducing the quality of life of affected individuals. Metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disease and is related to the aging process; however, there is still a significant gap in terms of studies on the prevalence of the condition in elderly populations. In this context, this study aimed to screen the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in participants of the Open University for the Third Age (UNATI), located in Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. The diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome addressed in this research include: abdominal circumference ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL for men and ≤ 50 mg/dL for women, systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg or being on pharmacotherapy for hypertension, in addition to fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or being on pharmacological treatment for diabetes. A total of 44 elderly individuals were evaluated, with a mean age of 66.9 ± 7.1 years, predominantly women (88%). The results revealed an alarming prevalence of metabolic syndrome, affecting 36.4% of the studied sample. Furthermore, a high prevalence of associated conditions was observed, such as arterial hypertension (67.2%), overweight (58.6%), and visceral obesity (31%). These findings underscore the importance of implementing preventive measures aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles and controlling metabolic risk factors.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated factors in 11- to 17-year-old adolescents / Prevalência de síndrome metabólica e fatores associados em adolescentes de 11 a 17 anos

Abstract The adoption of health risk behaviors (low level of habitual physical activity and inadequate food and nutrient intake) has increased the prevalence of overweight/ obesity, particularly among adolescents. Thus, the prevalence of disorders and metabolic diseases has increased in this population. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and to analyze its association with sport participation and overweight in adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. A total of 683 adolescents (301 boys and 382 girls) were randomly selected to compose the sample. The prevalence of MS was established based on fasting glucose, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), waist circumference, and blood pressure according to the cut-offs recommended by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (2005). Nutritional status, sport participation, socioeconomic status, and alcohol consumption were analyzed as risk factors associated with MS. The presence of one or more risk factors was identified in 39.5% and 22.5% of the sample, respectively. The most prevalent MS components were low HDL-c (44.7%), high systolic blood pressure (32.4%), and elevated triglycerides (18.6%). The presence of MS was associated with both overweight and the lack of participation in sport ( P < 0.05). The results indicated an overall prevalence of MS of 5.4% in adolescent boys and girls. Furthermore, overweight and lack of sport participation were the main factors associated with MS.

Resumo A adoção de comportamentos de risco à saúde (reduzido nível de atividade física habitual, consumo inadequado de alimentos e nutrientes, entre outros) tem aumentado a prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade, particularmente, em adolescentes. Assim, o número de disfunções e doenças metabólicas tem crescido nesta população. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência de Síndrome Metabólica (SM) e analisar a sua associação com a prática esportiva e excesso de peso em adolescentes de 11 a 17 anos. Seiscentos e oitenta e três meninos (n = 301) e meninas (n = 382) foram selecionados aleatoriamente para comporem a amostra. A prevalência de SM foi estabelecida com base nos valores de glicose em jejum, triglicerídeos, lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL-c), circunferência de cintura e pressão arterial, de acordo com os pontos de corte recomendados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (2005). O estado nutricional, prática de esporte, nível socioeconômico e consumo de álcool foram analisados como fatores de risco associados a SM. A presença de um ou mais fatores de risco foi identificada em 39,5% e 22,5% da amostra, respectivamente. Os componentes da SM mais prevalentes foram HDL-c reduzida (44,7%), pressão arterial sistólica elevada (32,4%) e triglicérides elevado (18,6%). A presença de SM foi associada ao excesso de peso e a ausência da prática de esportes (P < 0,05). Os resultados indicaram uma prevalência total de SM na ordem de 5,4% em adolescentes de ambos os sexos. Adicionalmente, o excesso de peso e ausência da prática de esportes foram os principais fatores associados com a SM.

DISLIPIDEMIA EM ADOLESCENTES RESIDENTES EM UM MUNICÍPIO DO PARANÁ E SUA ASSOCIAÇÃO COM A OBESIDADE ABDOMINAL / DYSLIPIDEMIA IN ADOLESCENTS LIVING IN A CITY OF PARANÁ AND ASSOCIATION WITH ABDOMINAL OBESITY

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar as associações da obesidade abdominal, e alterações no perfil lipídico (PL) de adolescentes. Foram selecionados aleatoriamente 650 adolescentesde um município do sudoeste do Paraná. Para a obesidade abdominal mediu-se a circunferência de cintura (CC), para verificar o PL realizou-se coleta sanguínea que determinaram as dosagens de triglicerídeos, colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta e baixa densidade. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado(x2), seguido de análise bivariada com valores expressos em odds ratio,com significância de p<0,05.Para as meninas com CC acima do recomendado, o risco variou entre 2,28 a 6,79 vezes mais chances de PL inadequado e até sete vezes mais chances de desenvolver dislipidemias. Para os meninos com CC aumentada,houve até 22 vezes mais chances de TG aumentados. Assim, apesar do quadro preocupante dos riscos à saúde destes adolescentes, para um quadro de dislipidemias as meninas parecem apresentar maior risco diante da obesidade abdominal.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate associations of abdominal obesity, and changes in lipid profile (LP) of adolescents. We randomly selected 650 adolescents from a city of Paraná. For abdominal obesity was measured waist circumference (WC), to verify LP blood collection was performed which determined the dosages of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high and low density lipoproteins. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test (x2) followed by bivariate analysis with value expressed in odds ratio and significance of p <0.05. For girls with WC above recommended, the risk ranged from 2.28 to 6.79 times more likely to inappropriate LP and up to seven times more likely to develop dyslipidemia. For boys with WC was increased up to 22 times more likely to TG increased. Thus, against abdominal obesity, the girls showed a higher risk of dyslipidemia.

Validity of the methods to assess body fat in children and adolescents using multi-compartment models as the reference method: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the validity of methods to assess body fat in children and adolescents using a systematic review. METHODS: The search was conducted by two independent researchers using the MEDLINE, BioMed Central, SciELO and LILACS electronic databases. For inclusion, the articles should be written in English or Portuguese, and must have used multi-compartment models as the criterion measure of the model, with body fat measurement of whole body in non-athlete children and adolescents. RESULTS: A preliminary search resulted in 832 studies. After all selection steps were performed, 12 articles were included. The selected studies were published between 1997 and 2010, whose samples consisted of children and adolescents with levels of relative body fat ranging from 20.7% to 41.4%. The methods used were: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (58.3%), isotope dilution (41.6%), skinfold thickness (33.3%), hydrostatic weighing (25%), bioelectrical impedance analysis (25%), air displacement plethysmography (16.6%), and total body electrical conductivity (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analysis of the studies, isotope dilution and air displacement plethysmography methods were the most reliable, despite the limited number of studies. As for clinical use or for population-based studies, the equation of Slaughter et al. (1998), which uses the triceps and subscapular skinfolds thickness, showed the best results for assessment of body fat in this population.

Validade dos métodos para avaliação da gordura corporal em crianças e adolescentes por meio de modelos multicompartimentais: uma revisão sistemática / Validity of the methods to assess body fat in children and adolescents using multi-compartment models as the reference method: a systematic review

OBJETIVO: Analisar a validade de métodos para avaliação de gordura corporal em crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODOS: A busca foi realizada por dois pesquisadores independentes, nas bases eletrônicas MEDLINE, BioMed Central, SciELO e LILACS. Como critérios de inclusão, os artigos deveriam ser escritos nas línguas inglesa ou portuguesa, ter utilizado como medida critério modelos multicompartimentais, com medida de gordura corporal em crianças e adolescentes não atletas. RESULTADOS: A busca preliminar resultou em 832 artigos, e após todas as etapas de seleção 12 compuseram esta revisão. Os trabalhos selecionados foram publicados entre 1997 e 2010, com amostras formadas por crianças e adolescentes com níveis de gordura corporal relativa de 20,7-41,4%. Os métodos utilizados foram: absortometria radiológica de dupla energia (58,3%), diluição de isótopos (41,6%), espessura de dobras cutânea (33,3%), pesagem hidrostática (25%), impedância bioelétrica (25%), pletismografia por deslocamento de ar (16,6%) e condutividade elétrica corporal total (8,3%). CONCLUSÃO: A partir da análise dos estudos, concluímos que os métodos diluição de isótopos e pletismografia por deslocamento de ar foram os que se apresentaram mais confiáveis, apesar do número reduzido de investigações. Já para a utilização clínica e em estudos populacionais, a equação de Slaughter et al., que utiliza a espessura das dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular, foi a que apresentou melhores resultados para avaliação da gordura corporal nessa população.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the validity of methods to assess body fat in children and adolescents using a systematic review. METHODS: The search was conducted by two independent researchers using the MEDLINE, BioMed Central, SciELO and LILACS electronic databases. For inclusion, the articles should be written in English or Portuguese, andmust have usedmulti-compartment models as the criterion measure of the model, with body fat measurement of whole body in non-athlete children and adolescents. RESULTS: A preliminary search resulted in 832 studies. After all selection steps were performed, 12 articles were included. The selected studies were published between 1997 and 2010, whose samples consisted of children and adolescents with levels of relative body fat ranging from 20.7% to 41.4%. The methods used were: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (58.3%), isotope dilution (41.6%), skinfold thickness (33.3%), hydrostatic weighing (25%), bioelectrical impedance analysis (25%), air displacement plethysmography (16.6%), and total body electrical conductivity (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analysis of the studies, isotope dilution and air displacement plethysmography methodswere the most reliable, despite the limited number of studies. As for clinical use or for population-based studies, the equation of Slaughter et al. (1998), wich uses the triceps and subscapular skinfolds thickness, showed the best results for assessment of body fat in this population.

3D QSAR studies on binding affinities of coumarin natural products for glycosomal GAPDH of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Drug design strategies based on Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) have been used to predict the activity of new compounds. The major advantage of this approach is that it permits the analysis of a large number of quantitative descriptors and uses chemometric methods such as partial least squares (PLS) to correlate changes in bioactivity with changes in chemical structure. Because it is often difficult to rationalize all variables affecting the binding affinity of compounds using CoMFA solely, the program GRID was used to describe ligands in terms of their molecular interaction fields, MIFs. The program VolSurf that is able to compress the relevant information present in 3D maps into a few descriptors can treat these GRID fields. The binding affinities of a new set of compounds consisting of 13 coumarins, for one of which the three-dimensional ligand-enzyme bound structure is known, were studied. A final model based on the mentioned programs was independently validated by synthesizing and testing new coumarin derivatives. By relying on our knowledge of the real physical data (i.e., combining crystallographic and binding affinity results), it is also shown that ligand-based design agrees with structure-based design. The compound with the highest binding affinity was the coumarin chalepin, isolated from Rutaceae species, with an IC50 value of 55.5 microM towards the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) from glycosomes of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas' disease. The proposed models from GRID MIFs have revealed the importance of lipophilic interactions in modulating the inhibition, but without excluding the dependence on stereo-electronic properties as found from CoMFA fields.

Evidence for the two phosphate binding sites of an analogue of the thioacyl intermediate for the Trypanosoma cruzi glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction, from its crystal structure.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) catalyzes the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) into d-glycerate 1,3-bisphosphate (1,3-diPG) in the presence of NAD(+) and inorganic phosphate (P(i)). Within the active site, two anion-binding sites were ascribed to the binding of the C3 phosphate of GAP (P(s)) and to the binding of the attacking phosphate ion (P(i)). The role played by these two sites in the catalytic mechanism in connection with the functional role of coenzyme exchange (NADH-NAD(+) shuttle) has been investigated by several studies leading to the C3 phosphate flipping model proposed by Skarzynski et al. [Skarzynski, T., Moody, P. C., and Wonacott, A. J. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 193, 171-187]. This model has not yet received direct confirmation. To gain further insight into the role of both sites, we synthesized irreversible inhibitors which form with the essential cysteine residue a thioacyl enzyme analogue of the catalytic intermediate. Here we report the refined glycosomal Trypanosoma cruzi GAPDH in complex with a covalently bound GAP analogue at an improved resolution of 2.0-2.5 A. For this holo-thioacyl enzyme complex, a flip-flop movement is clearly characterized, the change from the P(i) to the P(s) binding site being correlated with the coenzyme exchange step: the weaker interaction of the intermediate when bound at the P(s) site with the cofactor allows its release and also the binding of the inorganic phosphate for the next catalytic step. This result gives strong experimental support for the generally accepted flip-flop model of the catalytic mechanism in GAPDH.