Targeting tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) via nanocarriers.

Recruitment of inflammatory cells to tumor has been well documented, with the most frequent inhabitants being macrophages termed as tumor associated macrophages, (TAMs). Their presence was thought to be an evidence of immune system initiating a fight response towards the tumor, i.e. immune surveillance. This is the case too initially, when TAMs majorly exhibit an M1 phenotype, but their continued presence in tumor microenvironment brings about their polarization to M2 phenotype, which not only participate in continued sustenance of existing tumor but also open up deleterious avenues for further progression and metastasis of cancer. Current perspective is built around this very premise and focuses specifically on TAMs and how they are being targeted by researchers working in annals of nanomedicine. To do so, we dwell into tumor microenvironment and focus on nanotechnology based drug delivery aspects which have either been already or can be potentially employed in the future to target tumor associated macrophages for improved immunoadjuvant therapy of cancer.

Development of Ocular Delivery System for Glaucoma Therapy Using Natural Hydrogel as Film Forming Agent and Release Modifier.

BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is characterized by increased intraocular pressure, which results in damage to the optic nerve. The existing therapy with conventional eye drops is inefficient due to nasolachrymal drainage, resulting in a reduced corneal residence of the drug. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to develop controlled-release ocular films of timolol maleate using natural hydrogel from Tamarindus indica seeds as a sustaining and film-forming agent, to overcome the problems associated with eye drops. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The hydrogel was isolated using hot aqueous extraction followed by precipitation with ethanol. Six batches of ocular films were prepared and evaluated for drug content, weight variation, thickness, diameter and in vitro release profile. The ideal batch of the films was subjected to stability, pharmacodynamic and ocular safety studies. RESULTS: The yield of the hydrogel was 58.29%. The thickness of the ocular films was in the range of 0.17 to 0.25 mm and the weight of the films was found to increase with the increase in polymer content. The drug release from the films was found to be controlled over a period of 8 h. The films were found to be stable and were able to reduce the intraocular pressure for 24 h in a more efficient manner than the eye drops. The films were found to be practically non-irritating to the eye. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the hydrogel from tamarind seeds can be used as a film-forming and release-controlling agent for the development of an ocular drug delivery system for the effective therapy of glaucoma.