Incidental Abdominal Wall Endometriosis in Plastic Surgery: Two Cases and Review of the Literature.

Endometriosis is a common cause of pain and infertility. Abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE) is a form of extrapelvic endometriosis that can be encountered during abdominal surgery such as abdominoplasty or free flap harvest. We report two cases of AWE; one found intraoperatively in a 32-year-old woman desiring body contouring after undergoing cesarean section, and a second in a 36-year-old woman requiring resection and reconstruction of a left chondroid tenosynovial giant cell tumor of her temporomandibular joint. During free flap planning, she was found to have endometriosis of her right hemi-abdomen. Both patients underwent resection of their AWE and were referred to their obstetrics and gynecology physicians for consideration of menstrual suppression to decrease their risk of recurrence.

Impact of Age, Body Mass Index, and Resection Weight on Postoperative Complications in Reduction Mammaplasty.

BACKGROUND: The authors seek to evaluate the impact of age, body mass index (BMI), and resection weight, on postoperative complications in women undergoing primary bilateral reduction mammaplasty. METHODS: A retrospective review of all primary bilateral reduction mammaplasties between February of 2014 and August of 2018 was performed. Patient demographics, medical comorbidities, tobacco use, BMI, operative technique, operative time, resection weight, and complications were reviewed. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-seven women were included. Mean age was 35.71 years, and BMI was 30.17 kg/m 2 . An inferior pedicle (53.07%) with Wise pattern resection (53.43%) was used most commonly. The minor complication rate was 49.1%, with superficial wounds (42.1%) occurring most commonly. Thirty-three women (11.9%) required greater than 2 months to heal. The major complication rate was 4.31%. BMI was not associated with minor or major complications on univariate analysis ( P = 0.1003 and P = 0.6163), but was associated with wound healing requiring greater than 2 months ( P = 0.0009), longer operative times ( P = 0.0002), and higher resection weights ( P < 0.00001). Greater age was associated with higher minor complication rates ( P = 0.0048). On multivariate analysis, BMI was associated with wound healing requiring greater than 2 months ( P = 0.0137), and age with minor complications ( P = 0.0180). No factors impacted major complication rates. CONCLUSIONS: Women with higher BMI are more likely to require larger resections, longer operative times, and are at higher risk for wound healing requiring greater than 2 months. Although BMI is an important consideration for determining operative candidacy, the benefits of reduction may outweigh these risks in carefully selected patients. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Risk, III.

Impact of Patient and Operative Factors on Nipple-Areola Complex Sensation after Bilateral Reduction Mammaplasty.

Background: Alteration of nipple-areola complex (NAC) sensation following reduction mammoplasty is commonly reported and may impact patient satisfaction. The goal of this study was to evaluate the patient and procedural factors that influence the rates of subjective NAC sensation change. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients who underwent primary bilateral reduction mammoplasty between January 2014 and August 2018 at the senior author's institution was performed. The primary outcome measured was subjective NAC sensation via digital stimulation of the NAC with the patient reporting sensation as decreased, unchanged, or increased. Results: In total, 274 patients met inclusion criteria. NAC sensation was decreased in 19% of breasts, unchanged in 74%, and increased in 7.3%. Patients who underwent vertical pattern, superomedial pedicle reductions were more likely to report a decrease in sensation than those who underwent Wise pattern, inferior pedicle reductions (26% versus 13%; P = 0.0025). Patients with minor complications were more likely to report decreased NAC sensation than those who did not (23% versus 15%; P = 0.0264). The only factor found to be associated with increased sensation was operative time. Conclusions: Patients were more likely to report decreased sensation if a vertical skin resection, superomedial pedicle was chosen, or if patients experienced a minor complication. The only factor found to correlate with increased NAC sensation was longer operative times.

Microsurgery in the era of COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented new challenges to microsurgeons. The virus is highly transmissible, with increased risk during operations that involve the aerodigestive tract. It is important to be able to identify high-risk operations and scenarios to guide management decisions and selection of personal protective equipment. Preoperative testing is a key element in identifying high-risk scenarios, and preoperative testing protocols are essential to maintaining safety in the COVID-19 era. Because COVID-19 can be transmitted via the conjunctiva, adaptations to loupes and microscopes are necessary to safely perform microsurgery in high-risk scenarios. We outline a potential risk stratification algorithm, as well as precautions for each scenario. Potential areas for innovation are also discussed.

A Protocol for Safe Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery in the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant implications for citizens globally and for the healthcare system, including plastic surgeons. Operations of the upper aerodigestive tract, including head and neck reconstruction and craniomaxillofacial procedures, are of particularly high risk because they may aerosolize the virus and lead to severe surgeon and surgical team illness. Until the virus is eradicated or widespread vaccination occurs, we recommend certain precautions to safely perform these operations. We propose evolving algorithms for head and neck reconstruction and facial trauma surgeries to maintain provider safety. Central to these guidelines are preoperative COVID-19 testing, appropriate personal protective equipment, and operative techniques/principles that minimize operative time and aerosolization of the virus. We aim to provide efficient care to our patients throughout this pandemic, while maintaining the safety of plastic surgeons and other healthcare providers.

Plasticity of Auricular Cartilage in Response to Hormone Therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Correction of auricular deformities can be accomplished through splinting within the first few weeks of life. This is hypothesized to be due to retained circulating maternal estrogens decreasing the structural density of collagen; however, this has not been fully tested. Cartilage elasticity is dependent on the concentration of the proteoglycan aggregate, and hyaluronic acid, a constituent of proteoglycan aggregate, is increased by estrogens. Nonsurgical correction of these deformities in more developed patients has the potential to change clinical practice and eliminate surgical risks. Previous studies have demonstrated preliminary promise with the use of injectable estrogen to treat auricular deformities. For this study, we have validated an animal model and demonstrated the feasibility of a more therapeutically appropriate topical estrogen treatment in restoring neonatal plasticity of auricular cartilage. METHODS: Ears of 12 New Zealand rabbits were folded and splinted, and assigned an experimental group (estrogen, placebo, and untreated control) (n = 8 ears). Treatment ears received topical estrogen or placebo cream daily for 4 weeks, whereas controls received no treatment. The splints were removed following 2 additional weeks, and photographs were taken to calculate the retained fold angle. Biopsies were also taken for histologic analysis. RESULTS: The 8 control ears showed a statistically increased angle from a folded orientation of 46.6 degrees to return of ear position to a normal upright position of 151.2 degrees by the fourth day after splint removal. Both the estrogen-treated and placebo-treated ears responded to splinting with maintained folding (36.6 degrees and 32.5 degrees, respectively). Auricular cartilage thickness trended toward thicker in ears treated with estrogen, consistent with increased matrix components. CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen and placebo treatment with splinting of ears lead to a significant change to the cartilage configuration, validating the model. The results of this study are very encouraging and provide the foundation for a noninvasive therapeutic approach for correcting auricular deformities. Future work will include a more detailed mechanistic study evaluating the dosing of estrogen and the efficiency of dermal penetration as well as evaluating the long-term outcomes and molecular mechanism-associated cartilaginous responses to estrogen.