Microwave dielectric relaxation spectroscopy study of alkan-1-ol/alkylbenzoate binary solvents.

The structure and dynamics of alkan-1-ol/alkylbenzoate binary mixtures have been studied by microwave dielectric relaxation spectroscopy in the 200 MHz to 20 GHz frequency range. The binary mixtures of methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-1-ol, and pentan-1-ol with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl benzoates were studied at 298.15 K. The relaxational response of the pure alcohols, pure esters, and their binary mixtures over the full composition range is properly described by the Havriliak-Negami model. The alcohol content, alcohol length, and alkyl side-chain effects on the relaxational properties have been studied for these mixtures over the whole composition range. From the experimental readings, the effective and the corrective Kirkwood and Bruggeman correlation factors have been calculated. The data gathered have been interpreted in terms of the alkyl side-chain effect and their reliance on the mixture composition.

Heat capacity behavior and structure of alkan-1-ol/alkylbenzoate binary solvents.

Heat capacities for the binary mixtures of methanol with (C(1)-C(4)) alkylbenzoates and methylbenzoate with (C(1)-C(11)) alkan-1-ols have been measured over the whole composition range at 298.15 K under atmospheric pressure. From the experimental measurements, the derived excess molar heat capacities and partial excess molar heat capacities at infinite dilution have been calculated. A Redlich-Kister-type equation was fitted to these data, and the fitting parameters and standard deviations have been evaluated. Likewise, the IR spectra for the same systems have been recorded as a function of composition. The sets of experimental data gathered contribute to shed light onto the solvent structure and the underlying molecular interactions between the mixture constituents. The conclusions drawn have been established in terms of solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions and the ensuing structural effects between the solvent constituents.

Preferential solvation in alkan-1-ol/alkylbenzoate binary mixtures by solvatochromic probes.

The binary mixtures of methanol with (C(1)-C(4)) alkylbenzoates and of (C(1), C(3), C(5), C(7), C(9), C(11)) alkan-1-ols with methylbenzoate were used as solvents to look into the preferential solvation and intermolecular interactions of the solvatochromic indicators 2-nitroanisole, 4-nitroaniline, 4-nitrophenol, and Reichardt's dye by UV-vis measurements. The experimental data at 298.15 K have served to deduce the corresponding Reichardt and Kamlet-Taft parameters of the mixed solvents. The solvation effects exerted on the solvatochromic probes by the solvents used, either pure or binary mixed, were analyzed by means of the preferential solvation model. Likewise, the (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and IR spectroscopic parameters measured for the mixed solvents corroborate the structural effects. The sets of experimental data gathered shed abundant light on the underlying solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions. The alkanol/methylbenzoate mixtures display stronger solvation ability than the pure solvents.

Phosphine and thiophene cyclopalladated complexes: hydrolysis reactions in strong acidic media.

The mechanisms for the hydrolysis of organopalladium complexes [Pd(CNN)R]BF(4) (R=P(OPh)(3), PPh(3), and SC(4)H(8)) were investigated at 25 °C by using UV/Vis absorbance measurements in 10 % v/v ethanol/water mixtures containing different sulphuric acid concentrations in the 1.3-11.7 M range. In all cases, a biphasic behavior was observed with rate constants k(1obs), which corresponds to the initial step of the hydrolysis reaction, and k(2obs), where k(1obs)>k(2obs). The plots of k(1obs) and k(2obs) versus sulfuric acid concentration suggest a change in the reaction mechanism. The change with respect to the k(1obs) value corresponds to 35 %, 2 %, and 99 % of the protonated complexes for R=PPh(3), P(OPh)(3), and SC(4)H(8), respectively. Regarding k(2obs), the change occurred in all cases at about 6.5 M H(2)SO(4) and matched up with the results reported for the hydrolysis of the 2-acetylpyridinephenylhydrazone (CNN) ligand. By using the excess acidity method, the mechanisms were elucidated by carefully looking at the variation of k(i),(obs) (i=1,2) versus cH+. The rate-determining constants, k(0,A-1), k(0,A-2), and k(0,A-SE2) were evaluated in all cases. The R=P(OPh)(3) complex was most reactive due to its π-acid character, which favors the rupture of the trans nitrogen-palladium bond in the A-2 mechanism and also that of the pyridine nitrogen-palladium bond in the A-1 mechanism. The organometallic bond exerts no effect on the relative basicity of the complexes, which are strongly reliant on the substituent.

Evaluation of proton activity in microemulsions by a kinetic probe.

The decomposition reaction of the purple dye murexide in acidic media is used as a probe indicator for protons in nonionic microemulsions. The reaction kinetics primarily rely on the proton concentration and permit assessment of the proton activity in the nonionic microemulsions of water/cyclohexane/Igepal and water/heptane/Igepal. The experiments performed in the two microemulsions covered a wide range of water-to-oil mass fraction for the two systems. The kinetic runs were monitored under pseudo-first order conditions by the stopped-flow technique. The equilibrium constants for the formation of purpuric acid and the kinetic constants for the ensuing decomposition reaction fulfill a trend consistent with the micro compartmentalized nature of the multicomponent medium, and support the use of murexide as an indicator of the proton activity in microemulsions.