Pro-Inflammatory Diet Is Associated with Adiposity during Childhood and with Adipokines and Inflammatory Markers at 11 Years in Mexican Children.

There is limited evidence about the inflammatory potential of diet in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the Children's Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DII) from 5 to 11 years with adiposity and inflammatory biomarkers in Mexican children. We analyzed 726 children from a birth cohort study with complete dietary information and measurements to evaluate adiposity at 5, 7 and 11 y and 286 children with IL-6, hsCRP, leptin and adiponectin information at 11 y. C-DII trajectories were estimated using latent class linear mixed models. We used linear mixed models for adiposity and logistic and multinomial regression for biomarkers. In girls, each one-point increase in C-DII score was associated with greater adiposity (abdominal-circumference 0.41%, p = 0.03; skinfold-sum 1.76%, p = 0.01; and BMI Z-score 0.05, p = 0.01). At 11 y the C-DII was associated with greater leptin (34% ≥ 13.0 ng/mL, p = 0.03) and hsCRP concentrations (29% ≥ 3.00 mg/L, p = 0.06) and lower adiponectin/leptin ratio (75% < 2.45, p = 0.02). C-DII trajectory 3 in boys was associated with a 75.2% (p < 0.01) increase in leptin concentrations and a 37.9% decrease (p = 0.02) in the adiponectin/leptin ratio. This study suggests that the inflammatory potential of diet may influence adiposity in girls and the homeostasis of adipose tissue and chronic subclinical inflammation in 11-year-old children.

Childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Latin America: a systematic review.

The number of children and adolescents who are overweight or obese worldwide is alarming. We did a systematic review to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children aged 0-19 years in Latin America. We searched specialised databases and seven books for relevant studies that were done in Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking Latin American and Caribbean countries and published in peer-reviewed journals between January 2008, and April 2013. Indicators used were BMI (kg/m(2)) in all age groups and weight-for-height in children younger than 5 years. We identified 692 publications and included 42. Estimated prevalence of overweight in children younger than 5 years in Latin America was 7·1% with the weight-for-height WHO 2006 classification method. National combined prevalences of overweight and obesity with the WHO 2007 classification method ranged from 18·9% to 36·9% in school-age children (5-11 years) and from 16·6% to 35·8% in adolescents (12-19 years). We estimated that 3·8 million children younger than 5 years, 22·2-25·9 million school-age children, and 16·5-21·1 million adolescents were overweight or obese. Overall, between 42·5 and 51·8 million children aged 0-19 years were affected-ie, about 20-25% of the population. Although undernutrition and obesity coexist in the region, policies in most countries favour prevention of undernutrition, and only a few countries have implemented national policies to prevent obesity. In view of the number of children who are overweight or obese, the associated detrimental effects on health, and the cost to health-care systems, implementation of programmes to monitor and prevent unhealthy weight gain in children and adolescents are urgently needed throughout Latin America.