[Organization of the bone system of the nasal septum and its homologues. V]. / Organizacja zrebu kostnego przegrody nosa oraz jej homologów.V.

The aim of these anatomo-comparative investigations was the differentiation and systematization of the osseous nasal septum and vomer complex in rhesus monkeys (Catarrhina). ). The material consisted of 66 monkey heads: 52 of the fixed in formaline solution and 14 naturally macerated. The methodology was described elsewhere (part--1). The nasal osseous system philogenetically was presented in rhesuses only by alar bone. As lower--secondary part of septum emerges the typical parasphenoid complex. The alar bone in monkeys is homologous monominal elements (septal and subnasal bones) in pairhoofed mammals, birds, fishes and amphibians. It proves that in rhesuses as others Craniota the "mesoethmoid" and "ethmoidal bone" do not exist. In the skull of these monkeys the axially palate system was proved. This system does not dominate in the mechanics of the splanchnocranium.

[Organization of the osseous nasal septum and its homologues. IV-B. The nasal septum integrated system (the alar bone and sphenoid septum) and the cribriform plate system in pairhoofed animals (Artiodactyla Owen, 1848)]. / Organizacja zrebu kostnego przegrody nosa oraz jej homologów. IV-B. Systema integratum septi nasi (os alare et septum sphenoideum), systema laminarum cribrosarum u przedstawicieli ssaków parzystokopytnych (Artiodactyla Owen, 1848).

The aim of this work was: 1) differentiation and systematization of the bone elements originated on the base of the nasal septum cartilage, 2) systematization of the cribriform plate, 3) investigation and systematization of the bottom elements of the sphenoid recess in young pairhoofed mammals. The material and methodology was described elsewhere (part I and IV-A). The additional material were 6 skulls of wild boar. The nasal septum diploe constituted of two biomechanical systems: anterior and posterior. The first one is situated in the sphenoid septum and corps. the second in diploe laminae perpendicularis of the alar bone. The cribriform plates and parasphenoid stabilize the osseous nasal septum system in the splanchnocranial space--without signs of the biomechanic binds between diploetic elements. The floor sphenoid recess for two plates: the lamina transversalis posterior and laminae transversalis parasphenoidei. The results of these investigations was the verification of the absence of "mesoethmoid in mammals as well in birds, fishes and amphibians. The traditional system of the ethmoid bone organization in this way turned out to be illusory.

[Organization of the osseous nasal septum and its homologues. IV-C. Alar bone composed of sub-nasal and septal bones. Nasal septum and axial palate complex (represented by artiodactyla and leporidae)]. / Organizacja zrebu kostnego przegrody nosa oraz jej homologów. IV-C. Kosc skrzydlowa-zespól zlozony: kosc przegrodowa + kosc podnosowa. Zespoly: przegrody nosa i podniebienny osiowy (u przedstawicieli Artiodactyla oraz Leporidae).

The aim of this investigation was the study of the development changes of the osseous nasal septum and para-sphenoid systems in adult pigs, domestic cattle and the comparison with the control skull-group of 10 deer and 15 hares. The methodology was described elsewhere. In paired-hoof mammals was found that the alar bone is biomechanically composed system. It represents four segments: three of septum bone and one as subnasal bone. In examined mammals the degree of integration of sphenoid septum and alar bone ones was various. In fishes, amphibians, birds and paired-hoof mammals there are the axially palate system too. The para-sphenoid mechanically integrated itself with the hard palate.

The axial palatine system in fishes.

The premaxilla in fishes forms biomechanically integrated system and is composed of trunk, prevomer and frontal process. The palatine bone consists of paired vomeri and transverse laminae.

[Organization of the osseous framework of the nasal septum and its homologues. IV-A. The vomero-transversalis and axial palatine systems (during fetal life of various ++pair-hoofed animals)]. / Organizacja zrebu kostnego przegrody nosa oraz jej homologów. IV-A. Systema vomero-transversale et systema palatinum axiale (w zyciu plodowym niektórych ssaków parzystokopytnych).

The aim of this investigation was the differentiation and systematization of the vomer elements in ontogenesis and the comparison with axial palatal system in fishes and reptiles. The collection of pig heads (18 fetal, 10 young, 4 adults) and of cow heads (15 fetal, 6 young, 3 adults) was examined. The methodology was described elsewhere. It has been proved that vomer in ++pair-hoofed mammals as well as parasphenoid in fishes and amphibia, is not a single and uniform element of the skull ++ out a biochemically integrated system (systema vomero-transversale). It has been also proved that in examined ++ mammals as well as in fishes there exists a palato-axiale system. All these monominals elements in mammals, amphibia and +fishes are homologues.

[Organization of the nasal septum bone and its homologue. II. Os alare et systema palatinum axiale (in fish)]. / Organizacja zrebu kostnego przegrody nosa oraz jej homologów. II. Os alare et systema palatinum axiale (u ryb).

The aim of these investigations was differentiation and systematization of elements of osseous medial palate and attempt to discover of spheno-orbital bone homologue in fish (os orbito-sphenoideum). 50 adults fish heads of carps, perch , tench , common pikes and trout were examined. The methodology was described elsewhere. It was stated that in examined animals the pair premaxilla was divided into three parts: corps, palate and frontal process. The para-sphenoid bone was also a double biomechanical system, composed of septum homologue and transverse lamina , the same as in other vertebrates. All above mentioned parts create the palatal axial system. The orbital-sphenoidal bones in fishes are homologue to the sphenoidal bone in birds.

[Organization of the osseous nasal septum and its homologues. III. The sphenoid bone and the vomero-transversal system in Urodela]. / Organizacja zrebu kostnego przegrody nosa oraz jej homologów. III. Os alare et systema vomero-transversale (u plazów).

In connection with the comparative anatomical examinations of the nasal septum in man, the urodela skulls were examined . The aim of these investigations of the osseous median palatal part and sphenoethmoidal bone were evaluated. 25 skulls of adults frogs were examined. It was stated that parasphenoid in these Amphibians consisted of two parts: agger vomeris and lamina transversalis. These elements were the homologue to the parasphenoideum seu vomero-transversale system in fishes. The premaxilla in frogs belonged (substituted) to the maxillary++ arch. The sphenoethmoidal bone in frogs were the same as the alar bone in birds (part I) and fishes (part II). In all frogs the author did not found any "mesoethmoid ". These precedential facts, observed in birds (I), fishes (II) and amphibians (III) led to further study in mammals and man.

Alar bone and vomerotransversal system in frog.

Parasphenoid in frog's skull is formed from the agger someris and transversal laminae. Vomerotransversal system in frog's corresponds to the axial palatine system of fishes.

[Organization of the bony nasal septum and its homologues I. Os alare et systema integratum fronto-alare in birds]. / Organizacja zrebu kostnego przegrody nosa oraz jej homologów. I. Os alare et systema integratum fronto-alare (u ptaków).

The aim of the investigation was the systematization of the bony elements in the orbito-nasal septum and the verification of the notion "mesoethmoideum" in birds. The macerated skulls of adult ostrichs, chickens and pheasants were examined by use of the optic- and radiophotography. In ostrichs were the characteristic interorbital septum as the alar bone integrated with the elements of the prefrontal bones. In chickens were two biochemical systems: a) the anterior alar lamina and b) posterior part without bony trabecular diploe elements. In all birds the author did not found any "mesosthmoideum". These presented facts led to further study in birds, fishes, mammals and man.

[Decompression procedures on the peripheral pneumatic system of the ear. IV. Conservative mastoidectomies (corticotomy, superficial mastoidectomy and partial mastoidectomy)]. / Zabiegi odbarczajace obwodowy uklad pneumatyczny ucha. IV. Mastoidektomie zachowawcze (kortykotomia, mastoidektomia powierzchowna, mastoidektomia polowiczna).

According to segmental form of pneumatic otic system 3 steps forms of mastoidectomy was developed. The new aspect of this surgery is the preservation of the apical part of pneumatic segment system, which serve for the better drainage during the acute phase of mastoiditis. It like a sieve assure the successful drainage and ventilation as well as drug instillation. 20 years experience of author make this procedure safe for recommendation. The rate of recurrencies is lowered, and the problem of "great postoperative cavity" was solved.

[Organization of the stroma in the bony nasal septum and its homologues in representative skulls]. / Organizacja zrebu kostnego przegrody nosa i jej homologów u przedstawicieli czaszkowców.

In literature the notion and systematization of osseous nasal septum complex in man and other mammals are not fully and precisely verified. The examinations of the processes of ossification in ++bony cranium and nasal septum were being made in birds, fishes, reptiles and mammals. The skulls were macerated and the specimens were stained by use of alizarin. The radio- and photography were used for documentation. The results proved the opinion that all the osseous elements of nasal septum in mammals derived from the interorbital septum and axially palatal complex in fishes, reptiles and birds.