RESUMO
Both HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are associated with lower bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. Because the relative contributions of ART and untreated HIV to BMD loss are unclear, it is important to quantify the effect of ART on bone. We compared the effect of early ART initiation (CD4 >500 cells/µL) with deferred ART on change in BMD in the START Bone Mineral Density substudy, a randomized trial evaluating the effect of immediate ART initiation versus deferring ART (to CD4 <350 cells/µL). BMD was measured annually at the lumbar spine and hip by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Percent change in BMD by treatment assignment (intent-to-treat analysis) was estimated using longitudinal mixed models and linear regression. Baseline and follow-up DXA scans were available for 399 (195 immediate, 204 deferred) participants (median age 32 years, 80% non-white, 26% women, median CD4 count 642 cells/µL). ART (most commonly including tenofovir and efavirenz) was used for 95% and 18% of follow-up in the immediate and deferred ART groups, respectively. Through 2.2 years mean follow-up, immediate ART resulted in greater BMD declines than deferred ART at the hip (-2.5% versus -1.0%; difference -1.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.2 to -0.8, p < 0.001) and spine (-1.9% versus -0.4%; difference -1.6%, 95% CI -2.2 to -1.0, p < 0.001). BMD declines were greatest in the first year of ART. In the immediate ART group, spine BMD stabilized after year 1, whereas hip BMD declined progressively over 2 years. After year 1, BMD changes were similar in the immediate and deferred groups. No clinical, HIV-related, or ART characteristic predicted greater BMD loss in either group. All HIV treatment guidelines now recommend ART initiation at HIV diagnosis because of the reduced risk of serious clinical outcomes. Better understanding of the longer-term consequences of the observed reductions in BMD is needed. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT00867048. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Assuntos
Absorciometria de Fóton , Antirretrovirais , Reabsorção Óssea , Fraturas Ósseas , Infecções por HIV , HIV-1 , Vértebras Lombares , Adulto , Antirretrovirais/administração & dosagem , Antirretrovirais/efeitos adversos , Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Reabsorção Óssea/induzido quimicamente , Reabsorção Óssea/diagnóstico por imagem , Reabsorção Óssea/metabolismo , Feminino , Fraturas Ósseas/induzido quimicamente , Fraturas Ósseas/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas Ósseas/metabolismo , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico por imagem , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por HIV/metabolismo , Humanos , Vértebras Lombares/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Lombares/metabolismo , MasculinoRESUMO
In recent decade detonation nanodiamonds (DND), discovered 50 years ago and used in diverse technological processes, have been actively applied in biomedical research as a drug and gene delivery carrier, a contrast agent for bio-imaging and diagnostics and an adsorbent for protein separation and purification. In this work we report about nanodiamonds of high purity produced by laser assisted technique, compare them with DND and consider the prospect and advantages of their use in the said applications.
Assuntos
Lasers , Nanodiamantes/química , Nanodiamantes/ultraestrutura , Teste de Materiais , Nanodiamantes/efeitos da radiação , Tamanho da Partícula , Doses de Radiação , Propriedades de Superfície/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Harnessing RNA interference using small RNA-based drugs has great potential to develop drugs designed to knock down expression of any disease-causing gene, thereby greatly expanding the universe of possible drug targets. However, delivering small RNAs into specific tissues and cells is still a hurdle. Here, we review recent progress in overcoming systemic, local and cellular barriers to RNA drug delivery, focusing on strategies for targeted uptake.
Assuntos
Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , RNA Interferente Pequeno/uso terapêutico , Animais , Desenho de Fármacos , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Marcação de Genes , Humanos , Nanopartículas/uso terapêutico , Interferência de RNARESUMO
A 35-year-old, human immunodeficiency virus sero-positive male presented with huge mediastinal mass for evaluation. After contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) angiogram, aneurysm of arch of aorta was diagnosed. The patient also proved to be co-infected with syphilis, which is the aetiological cause of aneurysm in this case. The present report highlights the need to suspect, diagnose and treat dual infections in individuals with high risk behaviour.
Assuntos
Aneurisma Infectado/diagnóstico , Aneurisma Aórtico/diagnóstico , Anticorpos Anti-HIV/análise , Antígenos HIV/análise , Soropositividade para HIV/complicações , HIV-1/imunologia , Sífilis Cardiovascular/diagnóstico , Adulto , Aneurisma Infectado/etiologia , Aneurisma Aórtico/etiologia , Soropositividade para HIV/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Sífilis Cardiovascular/complicações , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
The traditional mode of encapsulating drugs in liposomes poses risks to drug stability, especially when recognition agents are attached to the liposomal surface to obtain targeted liposomes. To reduce such risks, we devised a simple, novel method to entrap drugs in liposomes, consisting of (i) preparation and lyophilization of drug-free regular and surface-modified liposomes and (ii) drug encapsulation in the course of liposome reconstitution through rehydration in an aqueous solution of the drug. In this paper, we report physicochemical studies in which we compared regular and surface-modified liposomes made by this novel approach (denoted N-liposomes) to respective liposomes made by the traditional mode (denoted T-liposomes). The studies were performed with fluorescein, sucrose, histidine, mitomycin C (MMC), and chloramphenicol (CAM) encapsulated (each) in regular and in bioadhesive liposomes, the latter having hyaluronic acid as the surface-bound ligand. Our major findings are as follows: (1) The drug-specific encapsulation efficiencies spanning the range of 10-90% were, excepting sucrose, either similar in the N- and T-liposomes or better in the N- than in the T-liposomes, for both regular and bioadhesive liposomes. (2) For all liposome types and methods of preparation, fluorescein, histidine, and MMC did not adsorb to the liposomal surface. Sucrose and MMC did adsorb to the liposomal surface irrespective of the liposome preparation mode, sucrose favoring bioadhesive over regular liposomes and MMC having the opposite trend. (3) For both regular and bioadhesive liposomes, the mechanism of drug efflux from the N-liposomes was found to be governed by a single rate constant, as previously found for the T-liposomes. The magnitudes obtained, ranging from 3.5(+/-0.2) x 10(-3) to 400(+/-17) x 10(-3) h(-1), were always drug specific and occasionally also liposome type (i.e., regular or bioadhesive) specific. For MMC and CAM, the novel approach rendered liposomes with improved sustained release. The results reported here attest, overall, to the potential of this novel approach, meriting further investigations. Studies currently underway with MMC indicate N-liposomes also have functional advantages.
Assuntos
Portadores de Fármacos/química , Lipossomos/química , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/química , Adsorção , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/química , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/química , Centrifugação , Cloranfenicol/administração & dosagem , Cloranfenicol/química , Meios de Contraste/administração & dosagem , Meios de Contraste/química , Fluoresceína/administração & dosagem , Fluoresceína/química , Liofilização , Histidina/administração & dosagem , Histidina/química , Ácido Hialurônico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Hialurônico/química , Cinética , Ligantes , Mitomicina/administração & dosagem , Mitomicina/química , Espectrofotometria , Sacarose/administração & dosagem , Sacarose/químicaRESUMO
A case of pentalogy of Cantrell associated with exencephaly and amniotic band syndrome, detected by ultrasound and then confirmed by pathological findings, is reported. Both conditions are very rare, usually occurring as a single anomaly; their association has not been reported in the literature. One should consider in differential diagnosis of pentalogy of Cantrell the omphalocele and the body stalk syndrome, and of exencephaly the osteogenesis imperfecta together with disorders of mineralisation. A viral infection could play a part in the aetiology of this condition.
Assuntos
Músculos Abdominais/anormalidades , Anormalidades Múltiplas/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome de Bandas Amnióticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/anormalidades , Cardiopatias Congênitas/diagnóstico por imagem , Crânio/anormalidades , Esterno/anormalidades , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Músculos Abdominais/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Segundo Trimestre da Gravidez , Crânio/diagnóstico por imagem , Esterno/diagnóstico por imagem , SíndromeAssuntos
Agressão , Colesterol/sangue , Animais , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Doença das Coronárias/prevenção & controle , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Hipercolesterolemia/tratamento farmacológico , Macaca fascicularis , Estudos Multicêntricos como Assunto , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , ViolênciaRESUMO
A case of transitory osteoporosis of the hips in pregnancy is reported. Through knowledge of the typical course of the disease and exact diagnosis with MRI, expensive therapy can be avoided. Suspicion of a transitory osteoporosis in pregnancy is a clear indication for performing an MRI.
Assuntos
Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Osteoporose/diagnóstico , Complicações na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Adulto , Cesárea , Feminino , Articulação do Quadril/patologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , GravidezRESUMO
The majority of patients presenting with tubo-ovarian abscess caused by abdominopelvic actinomycosis are women using an IUD. Since the course of this disease is afebrile, and the diagnosis often established relatively late, it typically simulates a malignant tumour of the lower abdomen. Except for leukocytosis and an increased blood sedimentation rate, laboratory findings are within the normal range. The infection infiltrates neighboring structures, and hence a secondary involvement of the intestine is common. Two cases are presented, successfully treated by a combined operative-antibiotic approach.
Assuntos
Actinomicose/cirurgia , Ampicilina/administração & dosagem , Clindamicina/administração & dosagem , Doenças das Tubas Uterinas/cirurgia , Doenças Ovarianas/cirurgia , Piperacilina/administração & dosagem , Actinomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Terapia Combinada , Doenças das Tubas Uterinas/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Dispositivos Intrauterinos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológicoAssuntos
Abscesso/diagnóstico , Actinomicose/diagnóstico , Doenças Ovarianas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Ovarianas/diagnóstico , Abscesso/cirurgia , Actinomicose/cirurgia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Histerectomia , Doenças Ovarianas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/cirurgia , OvariectomiaRESUMO
Jejunal tissue was taken from 18-week-old broiler breeder pullets previously reared on a daily or skip-a-day feed restriction system. Light and scanning electron microscopy revealed no changes in mucosal appearance or structure related to feeding system. Comparable duodenal samples all revealed extensive desquamated epithelial damage possibly related to postmortem change.