The "fever workup" and respiratory culture practice in critically ill trauma patients.

PURPOSE: Fever and leukocytosis (FAL) in critically ill patients often triggers a "workup" that includes a respiratory secretion culture (RCx). We evaluated our respiratory culture practice associated with FAL. We hypothesized that FAL would be associated with a RCx, but would not be associated with a positive culture or treating a respiratory infection in critically injured patients during their first 14 intensive care unit (ICU) days. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An 18-month retrospective analysis was performed on consecutive ICU trauma patients admitted for 2 days or more to a level I trauma center. Data collected included demographics, injuries, RCxs (bronchoalveolar lavage or tracheal aspirate), maximum daily temperature, and a daily leukocyte count during the first 14 ICU days. RESULTS: A total of 510 patients with a mean age of 49 and injury severity score of 19 were evaluated for a total of 3839 patient-days. Two hundred eleven patients had 489 RCxs obtained (2.4 RCxs/patient); 94 (19%) were obtained on consecutive days. Obtaining a RCx was associated with fever (relative risk, 4.8; 95% confidence interval, 4.1-5.8) and the combination of FAL (relative risk, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-3.1), but not leukocytosis alone. Fever, leukocytosis, or FAL did not predict a positive RCx. One hundred twenty-eight patients were treated for a respiratory infection. Treatment of respiratory infections was contrary to the RCx results 24% of the time. The sensitivity and specificity of a positive RCx being associated with respiratory infection were 97% and 46%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fever and leukocytosis were associated with the decision to obtain RCxs but were not associated with positive RCxs in our ICU practice. Respiratory secretion culture results had a low specificity and did not consistently impact treatment decisions. Factors other than fever and leukocytosis alone should influence the decision to obtain RCxs during the first 14 days in the ICU after trauma.

Who is monitoring your infections: shouldn't you be?

BACKGROUND: In the era of pay for performance and outcome comparisons among institutions, it is imperative to have reliable and accurate surveillance methodology for monitoring infectious complications. The current monitoring standard often involves a combination of prospective and retrospective analysis by trained infection control (IC) teams. We have developed a medical informatics application, the Surgical Intensive Care-Infection Registry (SIC-IR), to assist with infection surveillance. The objectives of this study were to: (1) Evaluate for differences in data gathered between the current IC practices and SIC-IR; and (2) determine which method has the best sensitivity and specificity for identifying ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). METHODS: A prospective analysis was conducted in two surgical and trauma intensive care units (STICU) at a level I trauma center (Unit 1: 8 months, Unit 2: 4 months). Data were collected simultaneously by the SIC-IR system at the point of patient care and by IC utilizing multiple administrative and clinical modalities. Data collected by both systems included patient days, ventilator days, central line days, number of VAPs, and number of catheter-related blood steam infections (CR-BSIs). Both VAPs and CR-BSIs were classified using the definitions of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The VAPs were analyzed individually, and true infections were defined by a physician panel blinded to methodology of surveillance. Using these true infections as a reference standard, sensitivity and specificity for both SIC-IR and IC were determined. RESULTS: A total of 769 patients were evaluated by both surveillance systems. There were statistical differences between the median number of patient days/month and ventilator-days/month when IC was compared with SIC-IR. There was no difference in the rates of CR-BSI/1,000 central line days per month. However, VAP rates were significantly different for the two surveillance methodologies (SIC-IR: 14.8/1,000 ventilator days, IC: 8.4/1,000 ventilator days; p = 0.008). The physician panel identified 40 patients (5%) who had 43 VAPs. The SIC-IR identified 39 and IC documented 22 of the 40 patients with VAP. The SIC-IR had a sensitivity and specificity of 97% and 100%, respectively, for identifying VAP and for IC, a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 99%. CONCLUSIONS: Utilizing SIC-IR at the point of patient care by a multidisciplinary STICU team offers more accurate infection surveillance with high sensitivity and specificity. This monitoring can be accomplished without additional resources and engages the physicians treating the patient.

Isolated cervical spine fractures in the elderly: a deadly injury.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic injury in the elderly is an increasing problem and studies have shown that elderly patients (>/=65 years old) with cervical spine fractures and spinal cord injury (SCI) carry a mortality rate of 21% to 30%. However, little has been described with regard to outcomes for elderly patients with isolated cervical spine fractures (ICSF). HYPOTHESIS: Outcomes for elderly patients with ICSF will be similar to elderly patients with cervical fractures and associated traumatic injuries (ATI) or SCI. METHODS: A 9-year retrospective analysis was performed on all patients >/=65 years old admitted to a level I trauma center with any cervical spine fracture. Primary outcomes were defined as favorable (discharge to home or rehabilitation hospital) or unfavorable (death, discharge to a long-term acute care facility, or a skilled nursing facility). ICSF was defined as those fractures without ATI or SCI. Long-term mortality data were gathered using the Social Security Death Index. RESULTS: A total of 177 patients with mean age of 78 +/- 1 and Injury Severity Score of 17 +/- 1 were evaluated. Fifty-six percent were men and falls were the most common mechanism (62%). An unfavorable outcome was seen in 56% of the study population with a mortality rate of 25%. ATIs were seen in 57% of the population and 22% had SCI. Patients with SCI had a significantly higher mortality compared with patients without SCI (38% vs. 22%, p = 0.032). However, there was no difference in unfavorable outcomes. Patients with ICSF had no differences in unfavorable outcomes compared with patients with SCI or ATI. Long-term survival analysis after discharge (mean = 2.8 years) demonstrated that patients with a favorable outcome had a significantly improved survival compared with patients with unfavorable outcomes (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: ICSFs were associated with an unfavorable outcome in the elderly population regardless of ATI or SCI. These unfavorable outcomes were also associated with long-term mortality. Strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality in this devastating injury will be essential to improve outcomes and maximize resource utilization.

Weaning readiness and fluid balance in older critically ill surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: Few studies address predictors for successful weaning of older adults from mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVE: To develop a clinical profile of older patients who are successfully weaned from long-term mechanical ventilation. METHODS: Forty patients in the trauma and surgical intensive care unit who were at least 60 years old were enrolled in the study after 3 days of active weaning and were monitored daily until successfully weaned or until the end of the 14-day study. Hemodynamic and gas exchange variables, fluid balance, oxygen cost of breathing, and scores on the Burns Weaning Assessment Program were analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with patients who were not weaned, successfully weaned patients required mechanical ventilation for 5.3 days, started active weaning earlier (mean 10.7 vs 14.5 days, P = .04), had lower mean negative daily fluid balances in the beginning (-0.394 vs 1.107 L, P = .004), and had lower mean net cumulative fluid balances (6.856 vs 16.212 L) at the time of enrollment. They also maintained both a lower mean net cumulative fluid balance (10.753 vs 25.049 L, P= .02) and a negative daily fluid balance (-0.389 vs 1.904 L, P = .03) throughout. Their mean central venous pressure decreased over time and was significantly lower (P<.001). CONCLUSION: Persistent positive fluid balance in older surgical patients is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Estimates of fluid balance might be useful in weaning older patients from long-term mechanical ventilation.

Weaning older patients from long-term mechanical ventilation: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: As older persons in the intensive care unit increasingly require long-term mechanical ventilation, accurate indications of readiness for weaning from ventilatory support are needed to avoid premature extubation. OBJECTIVE: To describe temporal changes in pulmonary and systemic variables in older adults receiving long-term mechanical ventilation. METHODS: After 3 days of unsuccessful attempts at weaning from ventilatory support, 10 trauma and surgical patients more than 60 years old were monitored daily. Previously reported predictors of the duration of mechanical ventilation and weaning outcome were measured, including hemodynamic and gas exchange variables, oxygen cost of breathing, and the score on the Burns Weaning Assessment Program. RESULTS: The 6 patients who could be weaned from ventilatory support were younger (median age, 71.5 years) than the 4 patients who could not be weaned (median age, 80 years). Patients who could be weaned were ready for weaning by day 11 of their stay in the intensive care unit and required an additional 5.5 days of mechanical ventilation; those who could not be weaned were not ready for weaning until day 17. All patients initially had increases in oxygen consumption during weaning; those who were successfully weaned had decreases before extubation. Respiratory rate, maximal inspiratory pressure, the ratio of Pao2 to fraction of inspired oxygen, and mean arterial pressure were higher in patients who could be weaned, and oxygen cost of breathing and central venous pressure were lower CONCLUSION: Further study of weaning in older adults is warranted.

Early and late outcome of bedside percutaneous tracheostomy in the intensive care unit.

To simplify long-term airway management in critically ill patients the feasibility of performing percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) in the intensive care unit (ICU) was investigated from August of 1997 to March of 2000. Bedside PT was considered for patients with positive end-expiratory pressure <10 cm H20, no previous tracheostomy, no anatomic distortion of the tracheal region, and no other indication to go to the operating room. Indication for tracheostomy, duration of endotracheal intubation, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, morbidity, and mortality were determined. Patients were prospectively followed until decannulation or for a minimum of 3 months. PT was performed in the ICU in 71 patients. Indications for PT were: acute respiratory failure (41), airway protection (26), and maxillofacial trauma (four). Mean duration of intubation before PT was 14 days (range 5-35 days). Average APACHE II score was 14 (range 3-28). Morbidity from PT included: early (two) and late (one) bleeding from the tracheostomy, early cuff leak (one), and self-decannulation (one). Sixteen patients died of causes unrelated to PT. Forty-five patients were decannulated after an average of 57 days (range 9-170 days); two noted a minor voice change. PT can be performed in the ICU with minimal morbidity eliminating the need for an operating room, the risks of patient transport, and the costs associated with each.

Energy expenditure assessment and validation after acute spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to determine the applicability of the Harris Benedict (HB) equation in predicting energy requirements after acute spinal cord injury (SCI) and to evaluate the accuracy of a 30-minute energy expenditure measurement to determine 24-hour requirements. Prealbumin (PAB) was monitored weekly to assess the patient's response to the nutrition support regimen. METHODS: Patients with acute isolated SCI requiring mechanical ventilation were studied for 4 weeks postinjury. Predicted energy expenditure was estimated using a modified HB equation (HBEE). The protein goal was 2.0 g/kg or 0.23 g nitrogen/kg admission body weight/day. Nutrition support was initiated within 48 hours if medically feasible. Indirect calorimetry was performed weekly to obtain 24-hour measured total energy expenditure (MTEE) and measured resting energy expenditure (MREE) values. Respiratory quotient, PAB levels, urinary urea nitrogen (UUN), and calculated nitrogen balance were evaluated weekly. RESULTS: Eleven tetraplegic men with a mean age of 32 +/- 8 years were studied. Mean MTEE equaled 95% to 100% HBEE. Mean MREE was not significantly different from the mean MTEE. There was a significant correlation between mean predicted and measured 24-hour energy expenditure for each data point. Mean UUN excretion ranged from 22.3 to 28.5 g/d that resulted in a mean negative nitrogen balance for all 4 weeks. PAB improved significantly over the 4-week study period (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: There was a strong correlation between HBEE and MTEE. A brief REE measurement is adequate to determine daily calorie requirements. Visceral protein synthesis can be achieved despite a negative nitrogen balance.