Arterial stiffness in elderly patients with normotension and hypertension in Brazil.

Data on arterial stiffness in older populations, according to blood pressure (BP) levels, are scarce in Brazil. The objective of this study was to establish reference values for core measures of arterial stiffness, including carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) and aortic augmentation index (AIx), in a cohort of older individuals with normotension (NT) and hypertension. Cross-sectional analysis was performed with applanation tonometry data from 1192 patients aged 60 years or older. The authors classified patients according to their BP levels as having NT, controlled hypertension (CH), and uncontrolled hypertension (UH). The cf-PWV values were 9.11 ± 0.16 m/s (NT), 9.12 ± 0.18 m/s (CH), and 9.42 ± 2.2 m/s (UH) (P < 0.005; UH vs NT and CH). The AIx was 33.3% for the entire cohort and similar across all groups. The cf-PWV increased with age but reached a ceiling at 75 years. Compared with men, women had a higher AIx but similar cf-PWV levels. In conclusion, the markers of arterial stiffness were similar among individuals with NT/CH and higher among individuals with UH.

Edema pulmonar assimétrico por pressäo negativa pós-obstruçäo de via aérea superior: relato de caso

Justificativa e objetivos - Edema pulmonar por pressäo negativa pósðobstruçäo de via aérea é atualmente uma entidade bem descrita, porém, provavelmente pouco diagnosticada e os casos pouco publicados. O objetivo deste relato é apresentar um caso de edema pulmonar por pressäo negativa pósðobstruçäo de via aérea superior, cuja principal característica foi a assimetria do edema pulmonar, sendo muito mais acentuado no pulmäo direito. Relato de caso ð Menino de 4 anos, 17 kg, estado físico ASA I, foi submetido a adenoamigdalectomia e cauterizaçäo de cornetos, sob anestesia geral com sevoflurano/óxido nitroso/O2. A cirurgia durou 1 hora e 30 minutos sem qualquer intercorrência. Com a superficializaçäo da anestesia o paciente, ventilando espontaneamente, reagiu ao tubo traqueal, que foi retirado. Após isto, os esforços ventilatórios resultaram em retraçäo da parede torácica, sem aparente movimento de ar, sendo impossível ventiláðlo com máscara facial, ocorrendo hipoxemia grave (SpO2 de 50 por cento), necessitando ser reintubado. Neste momento foi verificado que o pulmäo se encontrava mais duro e havia estertores bilateralmente, caracterizando edema pulmonar. Uma radiografia de tórax mostrou infiltrado pulmonar difuso bilateralmente, porém, com atelectasia do lobo superior direito, mostrando acentuada assimetria do edema pulmonar. O paciente teve que ser ventilado mecanicamente com PEEP durante 20 horas, quando foi extubado. Houve melhora progressiva do edema pulmonar, recebendo alta em 48 horas. Conclusões ð O edema pulmonar por pressäo negativa é uma entidade rara com alto grau de morbidade, pouco diagnosticada e exige do anestesiologista conhecimento atualizado e tratamento adequado. Costuma ser bilateral, raramente unilateral e excepcionalmente com expressiva assimetria como no nosso relato. A maioria dos casos é tratada com suporte ventilatório com PEEP ou CPAP, näo necessitando de qualquer outra terapia. O prognóstico é bom, com melhora na maioria dos casos nas primeiras 24 horas

[Asymmetric negative pressure pulmonary edema after acute upper airway obstruction: case report]. / Edema pulmonar assimétrico por pressão negativa pós-obstrução de via aérea superior: relato de caso.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Negative pressure pulmonary edema after acute upper airway obstruction is a well-described event, though infrequently diagnosed and reported. This report aimed at presenting a case of upper airway obstruction negative pressure pulmonary edema following acute upper airway obstruction characterized by pulmonary edema asymmetry, being more prominent in the right lung. CASE REPORT: A 4-year-old boy, 17 kg, phisical status ASA I submitted to combined tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy and turbinate cauterization under general anesthesia with sevoflurane/nitrous oxide/O2. Surgery duration was 90 minutes without complications. During anesthetic recovery and spontaneously breathing, patient reacted to tracheal tube, which was removed. Following, ventilatory efforts resulted in chest wall retraction without apparent air movement, being impossible to ventilate him with facial mask. Symptoms evolved to severe hypoxemia (50% SpO2) requiring reintubation. At this point, it was observed that the lung was stiffer and there were bilateral rales characterizing pulmonary edema. A chest X-ray showed diffuse bilateral infiltrates, right upper lobe atelectasis and marked pulmonary edema asymmetry (right greater than left). Patient was mechanically ventilated with PEEP for 20 hours when he was extubated. There was a progressive pulmonary edema improvement and patient was discharged 48 hours later. CONCLUSIONS: Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) is a rare event with high morbidity risk. It is often not diagnosed and requires from the anesthesiologist an updated knowledge and adequate management. It is usually bilateral, rarely unilateral, and exceptionally asymmetric as in this case. Most cases are treated by mechanical ventilation with PEEP or CPAP without any other therapy. The prognosis is favorable, with most cases recovering within the first 24 hours.