In vivo evaluation of the antiretroviral activity of Melia azedarach against small ruminant lentiviruses in goat colostrum and milk.

This study aimed to evaluate in vivo the use of the extract from the leaves of Melia azedarach in the ethyl acetate fraction at a concentration of 150 µg/mL as an antiretroviral treatment against small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) in goat colostrum, and milk with a 90-min action. Two groups of six kids were treated with the extract. One group received three supplies of colostrum from does naturally positive for SRLV, treated with the ethyl acetate fraction of M. azedarach (EAF-MA) for three days, while the other group consumed milk from does also carrying the virus with the respective extract twice a day for five days. After undergoing treatment, all animals began to receive thermized milk until weaning (60 days) and were monitored for six months using nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and western blot (WB) tests. The study revealed cumulative percentages of positive animals in WB or nPCR in the milk group of 66.66% on the seventh day, 83.33% in the following week, and 100% at 120 days, while the colostrum group showed values of 66.66% at 14 days, 83.33% at 90 days, and 100% at 120 days. Variation and intermittency were observed in viral detection, but all animals tested positive in WB or nPCR at some point. A potential delay in infection was observed, which was more significant in the colostrum group. The need for the combination of serological and molecular tests for a more efficient detection of the disease is also emphasized.

Immune response dynamics of recent and chronic small ruminant lentivirus infection in the male reproductive system / Dinâmica da resposta imunológica da infecção recente e crônica por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes no sistema reprodutor de machos

The objective of this study was to analyze the immune responses of bucks to small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) with a focus on the reproductive system of males with recent and chronic infection. A total of 12 bucks were selected, six seronegative and six seropositive with chronic natural infection for more than 18 months (chronic infection group). After selecting the animals, the six seronegative males were intravenously inoculated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV)-Co viral strain at a titer of 10-5,6 TCID50/mL. After viral inoculation, this group was called the recent infection group and was monitored weekly with the chronically infected group for 180 days with blood serum and seminal plasma Western Blot (WB) analysis. Of the animals with chronic SRLV infection, 18.94% (50/264) showed anti-SRLV antibodies in at least one of the samples, and 81.06% (214/264) were negative. Anti-SRLV antibodies were detected in 27.27% (36/132) of the blood serum samples from this group, while 10.60% (14/132) were reactive in the seminal plasma WB test. The animals inoculated with CAEV-Co became seropositive after the third week of viral inoculation. In this group, 31.06% (41/132) of seminal plasma samples had anti-SRLV antibodies, and of these, 70.73% (29/41) coincided with blood serum results. Of the remaining 29.27% (12/41), the seminal plasma sample of only three animals (RIA2, RIA3, and RIA5) had anti-SRLV antibodies. One of the animals with a recent infection presented anti-SRLV antibodies only in seminal plasma samples, possibly due to virus compartmentalization. Intermittent viral shedding was observed in both biological samples, regardless of the infection stage. The immune response in bucks with recent SRLV infection is more significant than in chronically infected animals. Regardless of the stage of infection, there is a fluctuation in antibody levels, therefore, this creates a risk of false-negative samples when performing the diagnosis.

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a resposta imunológica aos lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR) com enfoque no sistema reprodutor de machos com infecção recente e crônica. Para isso, foram selecionados 12 reprodutores caprinos, sendo seis soronegativos e seis soropositivos com infecção natural crônica há mais de 18 meses (grupo com infecção crônica). Após seleção dos animais, os seis machos soronegativos foram inoculados com a cepa viral do vírus da artrite encefalite caprina (CAEV)-Co, título 10-5,6 TCID50/mL, por via intravenosa. A partir da inoculação viral este agrupamento passou a ser denominado de grupo com infecção recente e juntamente com o grupo com infecção crônica foram acompanhados, semanalmente por 180 dias, com análise dos testes de Western Blot (WB) no soro sanguíneo e plasma seminal. Nos animais com infecção crônica para LVPR, 18,94% (50/264) apresentaram anticorpos anti-LVPR em pelo menos uma das distintas amostras, e 81,06% (214/264) tiveram resultados negativos. Das amostras de soro sanguíneo do referido grupo, em 27,27% (36/132) detectou-se anticorpos anti-LVPR, enquanto que no plasma seminal 10,60% (14/132) foram reagentes no teste de WB. Nos animais inoculados com o CAEV-Co, ocorreu a soroconversão após a terceira semana da inoculação viral. Nesse grupo, 31,06% (41/132) das amostras de plasma seminal tiveram anticorpos anti-LVPR, sendo que dessas 41, 70,73% (29/41) coincidiram com resultado das amostras de soro sanguíneo. Nos 29,27% (12/41) restante, houve a detecção somente no plasma seminal e eram amostras provenientes de três animais (AIR2, AIR3 e AIR5). Em um dos animais com infecção recente, só foi identificado anticorpos anti-LVPR em amostras de plasma seminal, possivelmente em função da compartimentalização do vírus. Intermitência viral foi observada em ambas as amostras biológicas, independentemente do estágio de infecção. Conclui-se que a resposta imunológica em reprodutores com infecção recente LVPR é mais acentuada do que em animais cronicamente infectados. E, independentemente do estágio da infecção há uma flutuação nos níveis de anticorpos, sendo, portanto, um fator de risco, em virtude da existência de amostras falso-negativo ao realizar o diagnóstico.

Profile of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase in healthy and infected Toggenburg goats with small ruminant lentivirus in Southeast Brazil / Perfil das metaloproteínas de matriz extracelular em cabras Toggenburg sadias e infectadas por lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes no Sudeste brasileiro

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are difficult to diagnose due to their escape mechanisms. Therefore, proteomics is an alternative in the search for biomarkers through extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes related to the immune response. In this sense, this study aimed to analyze the profile of MMPs in healthy and infected Toggenburg goats with chronic SRLV infection in Southeast Brazil. Five positive and five negative goats for SRLV were selected using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) microtechnique, western blot (WB), and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). All animals were submitted to blood collection by puncture of the jugular vein, followed by centrifugation to obtain blood plasma, protein quantification by the Bradford method, one-dimensional electrophoretic separation (1D), and identification of protease activity by zymography and confirmation via reverse zymography in the presence of MMP-2 through the action of tissue inhibitors (TIMP-2). The analysis of protein bands was performed using descriptive statistics and densitometry values for zymography were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk test to determine normality. Little difference was observed in the occurrence of protein bands between groups. Regarding MMPs, no differences were observed in the expression of proMMP-9, MMP-9, and MMP-2 in animals affected by SRLV. TIMP-2 inhibited proMMP-2 and MMP-2 in all animals. Thus, the profile of protein bands does not change in healthy goats with chronic SRLV infection. The TIMP-2 expression allowed proving the existence of MMP-2 in animals chronically infected by SRLV via reverse zymography

Lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR) demonstram diagnóstico complexo devido seus mecanismos de escape. Desse modo, a proteômica apresenta-se como alternativa na busca por biomarcadores através das metaloproteinases da matriz extracelular (MMPs), enzimas ligadas a resposta imunológica. Assim, objetivou-se analisar o perfil das MMPs em cabras Toggenburg sadias e com infecção crônica por LVPR no Sudeste brasileiro. Selecionou-se cinco cabras positivas e cinco negativas para LVPR utilizando: microtécnica de imunodifusão em gel de agarose (MIDGA), Western Blot (WB) e reação em cadeia da polimerase nested (nPCR). Todas foram submetidas à coleta de sangue por punção da veia jugular, seguido de centrifugação para obtenção do plasma sanguíneo, quantificação proteica pelo método Bradford, separação via eletroforese unidimensional (1D), e identificação da atividade das proteases por zimografia e confirmação via zimografia reversa na presença da MMP-2 por meio da ação de inibidores teciduais (TIMP-2). A análise das bandas proteicas ocorreu através de estatística descritiva e para a zimografia os valores de densitometria foram submetidos ao teste de Shapiro-Wilk para determinar a normalidade. Observou-se pouca distinção na ocorrência das bandas proteicas entre os grupos. Em relação as MMPs, não houve diferenças na expressão da proMMP-9, MMP-9 e MMP-2 nos acometidos por LVPR. Observou-se que a TIMP-2 inibiu a proMMP-2 e MMP-2 em todos os animais. Dessa forma, o perfil de bandas proteicas não se altera em cabras sadias e com infecção crônica por LVPR. Através da expressão da TIMP-2 foi possível comprovar a existência da MMP-2 em animais cronicamente infectados por LVPR via zimografia reversa

Brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis in dairy farms in the state of Acre, Brazil / Brucelose e tuberculose bovina em fazendas leiteiras no estado do Acre, Brasil

This study aimed to evaluate the to evaluate the occurrence rate of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in dairy herds of Acre State, Brazil. The survey was performed on 487 lactating cows distributed across 27 farms in seven cities from June 2018 to February 2019. Farms were selected according to the following criteria: volume of milk production (150 L/day), distance to an urban perimeter (43 km), and time of dairy activity (12 years). For the diagnosis of brucellosis, buffered acidified plate antigen (BAPA) and complement fixation (CF) tests were used. Among the investigated animals, the occurrence rates for brucellosis and tuberculosis were 1.88% (9/487) and 1.23% (6/487), respectively; among the investigated farms, 11.11% (3/27) and 22.2% (6/27) had livestock diagnosed as positive for brucellosis and tuberculosis, respectively. The farms with tuberculosis-positive cattle possessed some common features with respect to herd size. These farms had considerable herd sizes, which were reared extensively in pastures shared with other susceptible or pathogen-carrying animals. In conclusion, the occurrence rate of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in dairy herds from Acre state is, in general, lower than that observed in other states of Brazil. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for developing strategies to control and eradicate both diseases to prevent eventual outbreaks and pathogen dissemination.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a taxa de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose bovina em rebanhos leitei-ros do Estado do Acre, Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada em 487 vacas em lactação distribuídas em 27 fazendas em sete cidades de junho de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. As fazendas foram selecionadas de acordo com os seguintes critérios: volume de produ-ção de leite (150 L / dia), distância do perímetro urbano (43 km), e tempo de atividade leiteira (12 anos). Para o diagnóstico da brucelose, foram utilizados os testes de antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) e de fixação de complemento (FC). Entre os animais investigados, as taxas de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose foram de 1,88% (9/487) e 1,23% (6/487), respec-tivamente; entre as propriedades investigadas, 11,11% (3/27) e 22,2% (6/27) tiveram rebanhos diagnosticados como positi-vos para brucelose e tuberculose, respectivamente. As propriedades com rebanho positivo para tuberculose possuíam algumas características comuns com relação ao tamanho do rebanho. Essas fazendas tinham rebanhos consideráveis, que eram criados extensivamente em pastagens compartilhadas com outros animais suscetíveis ou portadores de patógenos. Em conclusão, a taxa de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose bovina em rebanhos leiteiros do estado do Acre é, em geral, inferior à observada em outros estados do Brasil. No entanto, há uma necessidade urgente de desenvolver estratégias para controlar e erradicar ambas as enfermidades, para prevenir eventuais surtos e disseminação de patógenos.(AU)

Brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis in dairy farms in the state of Acre, Brazil / Brucelose e tuberculose bovina em fazendas leiteiras no estado do Acre, Brasil

This study aimed to evaluate the to evaluate the occurrence rate of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in dairy herds of Acre State, Brazil. The survey was performed on 487 lactating cows distributed across 27 farms in seven cities from June 2018 to February 2019. Farms were selected according to the following criteria: volume of milk production (150 L/day), distance to an urban perimeter (43 km), and time of dairy activity (12 years). For the diagnosis of brucellosis, buffered acidified plate antigen (BAPA) and complement fixation (CF) tests were used. Among the investigated animals, the occurrence rates for brucellosis and tuberculosis were 1.88% (9/487) and 1.23% (6/487), respectively; among the investigated farms, 11.11% (3/27) and 22.2% (6/27) had livestock diagnosed as positive for brucellosis and tuberculosis, respectively. The farms with tuberculosis-positive cattle possessed some common features with respect to herd size. These farms had considerable herd sizes, which were reared extensively in pastures shared with other susceptible or pathogen-carrying animals. In conclusion, the occurrence rate of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in dairy herds from Acre state is, in general, lower than that observed in other states of Brazil. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for developing strategies to control and eradicate both diseases to prevent eventual outbreaks and pathogen dissemination.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a taxa de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose bovina em rebanhos leitei-ros do Estado do Acre, Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada em 487 vacas em lactação distribuídas em 27 fazendas em sete cidades de junho de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. As fazendas foram selecionadas de acordo com os seguintes critérios: volume de produ-ção de leite (150 L / dia), distância do perímetro urbano (43 km), e tempo de atividade leiteira (12 anos). Para o diagnóstico da brucelose, foram utilizados os testes de antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) e de fixação de complemento (FC). Entre os animais investigados, as taxas de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose foram de 1,88% (9/487) e 1,23% (6/487), respec-tivamente; entre as propriedades investigadas, 11,11% (3/27) e 22,2% (6/27) tiveram rebanhos diagnosticados como positi-vos para brucelose e tuberculose, respectivamente. As propriedades com rebanho positivo para tuberculose possuíam algumas características comuns com relação ao tamanho do rebanho. Essas fazendas tinham rebanhos consideráveis, que eram criados extensivamente em pastagens compartilhadas com outros animais suscetíveis ou portadores de patógenos. Em conclusão, a taxa de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose bovina em rebanhos leiteiros do estado do Acre é, em geral, inferior à observada em outros estados do Brasil. No entanto, há uma necessidade urgente de desenvolver estratégias para controlar e erradicar ambas as enfermidades, para prevenir eventuais surtos e disseminação de patógenos.

Western Blot no imunodiagnóstico de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes / Western Blot in immunodiagnosis of small ruminant lentivirus

Background: Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) belong to genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. These viruses causecaprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and maedi visna (MV), infectious diseases that cause economic, production, and reproductive losses. There are no effective treatments or vaccines for these diseases. Thus, early detection via serology hasgreat importance for control of SRLV. Therefore, the objective of this review is to demonstrate the potential of the westernblot (WB) test as an immunodiagnostic test for SRLV.Review: In general, immunodiagnosis of SRLV is performed via agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can detect antibodies in several different biological samples but is used preferably with serum and blood plasma. However, WB has demonstrated efficacy in the early diagnosis of immunoglobulinsagainst SRLV, presenting higher sensitivity and specificity than the serological tests usually used, because this techniquecan detect antibodies at a dilution as much as 256 times greater than that of AGID and 32 times greater than that of ELISA.SRLV infection and consequent immunological activation result in the induction of cellular and humoral responses. Additionally, around the third week, production of antibodies directed mainly toward viral capsid proteins (p25 and p28)occurs. After the fifth week, production of immunoglobulins directed toward other viral proteins occurs. Because of thepersistence of SRLV infection, serology is considered to be the most practical means to diagnosis. Each serological testhas a percentage specificity and distinct sensitivity, as well as advantages and disadvantages in its applicability. It shouldbe noted that there is no gold standard test for diagnosis of SRLV infection. Moreover, SRLV are characterized by escapemechanisms such as genetic diversity, mutagenic potential, viral intermittence...(AU)

Anthelmintic activity of the ethanolic extract of Carapa guianensis (Meliaceae) on gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the Western Amazon / Atividade anti-helmíntica do extrato etanólico de Carapa guianensis (Meliaceae) em nematóides gastrointestinais de ovinos da Amazônia Ocidental

The present study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of Carapa guianensis (andiroba) on gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep naturally infected in the Western Amazon. Toxicity tests with Artemia salina identified that the ethanolic extracts of the root and stem of andiroba showed an LC50% equal to 530 µg ml-1 and 170 µg ml-1, respectively. As concentrations 1.06mg / ml (andiroba root) and 0.34mg ml-1 (andiroba stem) were tested in groups of crossbred sheep, eaten from four to six months and weighing approximately 19.9 kg naturally infected by gastrintestinal nematodes. In addition, there will be a total of two treated groups and two control groups (negative and positive - 7.5% closantel). Foram extracts applied orally in a single treatment days 1,2,3,4,15,16,17,18. Or treatment lasted 30 days. Samples of fezes and blood foram collected at intervals of seven and 15 days respectively to assess the parasitic and hematological profile. The results showed a reduction in parasitic load of 86% and 59%, respectively, for the root and stem of andiroba in egg count per gram of feces, while in the group treated with closantel 7.5% the reduction was 66%. Regarding the number of third stage larvae recovered from sheep after treatment, it was observed that the groups treated with andiroba root and stem differed (p < 0.05) from the control group, with a reduction in the percentage of larvae from 70 and 55%, respectively. The phytochemical tests in the present study revealed the presence of bioactive metabolites that may be responsible for the anthelmintic activity. As for the hematocrit, there was no statistical difference in its values in the groups treated with andiroba root and stem, that is, in some way there was interference on the adult forms of the nematodes that compromised the hematophagism. Therefore, the extract of Carapa guianensis has anthelmintic potential, being a good alternative in the control of sheep endoparasitosis.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito anti-helmíntico da Carapa guianensis (andiroba) sobre nematóides gastrointestinais em ovinos naturalmente infectados na Amazônia Ocidental. Ensaios de toxicidade com Artemia salina identificaram que os extratos etanólicos da raiz e caule da andiroba apresentaram uma CL50% igual a 530 µg ml-1 e 170 µg ml-1, respectivamente. As concentrações 1,06mg/ ml (raiz de andiroba) e 0,34mg ml-1(caule de andiroba) foram testadas em grupos de ovinos mestiços, com idade média de quatro a seis meses e peso de aproximadamente de 19,9 kg naturalmente infectados por nematódeos gastrintestinais. Assim totalizaram dois grupos tratados e dois grupos controles (negativo e positivo - closantel 7,5%). Os extratos foram aplicados oralmente em dose única nos dias 1,2,3,4, 15,16,17,18 de tratamento. O tratamento durou 30 dias. Amostras de fezes e sangue foram coletados nos intervalos de sete e 15 dias respectivamente para avaliar o perfil parasitário e hematológico. Os resultados demonstraram uma redução da carga parasitária de 86% e 59%, respectivamente, para a raiz e caule da andiroba na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes, enquanto no grupo tratado com closantel 7,5 % a redução foi de 66%. Com relação ao número de larvas de terceiro estágio recuperados de ovinos após o tratamento, observou-se que os grupos tratados com raiz e caule de andiroba diferiram (p < 0,05) do grupo controle, com uma redução na porcentagem de larvas de 70 e 55%, respectivamente. Os testes fitoquímicos deste estudo revelaram a presença de metabólitos bioativos que podem ser responsáveis pela atividade anti-helmíntica. Quanto ao hematócrito, não houve diferença estatística nos seus valores nos grupos tratados com raiz e caule de andiroba, ou seja, de alguma forma houve interferência sobre as formas adultas dos nematóides que comprometeu o hematofagismo. Portanto, o extrato da Carapa guianensis apresenta potencial anti-helmíntico, sendo uma boa alternativa no controle das endoparasitoses de ovinos.(AU)

Western Blot no imunodiagnóstico de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes / Western Blot in immunodiagnosis of small ruminant lentivirus

Background: Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) belong to genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. These viruses causecaprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and maedi visna (MV), infectious diseases that cause economic, production, and reproductive losses. There are no effective treatments or vaccines for these diseases. Thus, early detection via serology hasgreat importance for control of SRLV. Therefore, the objective of this review is to demonstrate the potential of the westernblot (WB) test as an immunodiagnostic test for SRLV.Review: In general, immunodiagnosis of SRLV is performed via agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can detect antibodies in several different biological samples but is used preferably with serum and blood plasma. However, WB has demonstrated efficacy in the early diagnosis of immunoglobulinsagainst SRLV, presenting higher sensitivity and specificity than the serological tests usually used, because this techniquecan detect antibodies at a dilution as much as 256 times greater than that of AGID and 32 times greater than that of ELISA.SRLV infection and consequent immunological activation result in the induction of cellular and humoral responses. Additionally, around the third week, production of antibodies directed mainly toward viral capsid proteins (p25 and p28)occurs. After the fifth week, production of immunoglobulins directed toward other viral proteins occurs. Because of thepersistence of SRLV infection, serology is considered to be the most practical means to diagnosis. Each serological testhas a percentage specificity and distinct sensitivity, as well as advantages and disadvantages in its applicability. It shouldbe noted that there is no gold standard test for diagnosis of SRLV infection. Moreover, SRLV are characterized by escapemechanisms such as genetic diversity, mutagenic potential, viral intermittence...

Anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of the Uncaria guianensis (Rubiaceae) on eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the Western Amazon Region / Atividade anti-helmíntica do extrato de etanol de Uncaria guianensis (Rubiaceae) em ovos e larvas de nematoides gastrintestinais de ovinos na região da Amazônia Ocidental

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of the root and stem of Uncaria guianensis on eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes from naturally infected sheep. The extracts of the root and stem of Uncaria guianensis were applied in different concentrations. The animals were divided into groups of five animals each, where each group received an extract of the plant and a dose / concentration. Ten ml was applied orally on treatment days, in a single dose. Stool samples were collected weekly for parasitological analysis and blood for hematocrit. Regarding the percentage of reduction in the number of eggs per gram of feces, they were found only in the group treated with Uncaria guianensis root at a concentration of 1.14mg / ml and in the chemically treated group, where they obtained a statistically significant reduction , when compared to the other treated groups, presenting 69% and 66% respectively in the reduction percentage. Regarding the number of third stage larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes recovered from sheep, after treatment with Uncaria guianensis observed that the groups treated with closantel, Uncaria guianensis root at a concentration of 1.14mg / ml and the stem of Uncaria guianensis at a concentration of 1.25mg / ml were statistically different  from the other treatments, presenting 68%, 68 % and 86%(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito anti-helmíntico da raiz e do caule de Uncaria guianensis sobre ovos e larvas de nematóides gastrointestinais de ovelhas naturalmente infectadas. O extrato da raiz de Uncaria guianensis foi testado nas concentrações de 0,57mg / mL e 1,14mg / mL e o extrato do caule de Uncaria guianensis nas concentrações de 1,25mg / mL e 2,5mg / mL. Os animais foram divididos em grupos de cinco animais cada, onde quatro grupos receberam o extrato vegetal e uma dose / concentração, um grupo recebeu o anti-helmíntico closantel e outro grupo recebeu apenas água destilada, totalizando seis grupos tratados. Foram aplicados dez mL por via oral nos dias de tratamento, em dose única para os grupos tratados com o extrato, o grupo closantel recebeu a dose preconizada pelo fabricante e o grupo negativo recebeu 10 mL de água destilada. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas semanalmente para análise parasitoló-gica e sangue para hematócrito. Os resultados do OPG foram analisados após transformação logarítmica (x + 1) e submetidos à análise de variância unilateral (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. As larvas L3 de terceiro estágio foram recuperadas da co-cultura e submetidas ao teste de tukey a 5%.(AU)

Anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of the Uncaria guianensis (Rubiaceae) on eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in the Western Amazon Region / Atividade anti-helmíntica do extrato de etanol de Uncaria guianensis (Rubiaceae) em ovos e larvas de nematoides gastrintestinais de ovinos na região da Amazônia Ocidental

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic effect of the root and stem of Uncaria guianensis on eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes from naturally infected sheep. The extracts of the root and stem of Uncaria guianensis were applied in different concentrations. The animals were divided into groups of five animals each, where each group received an extract of the plant and a dose / concentration. Ten ml was applied orally on treatment days, in a single dose. Stool samples were collected weekly for parasitological analysis and blood for hematocrit. Regarding the percentage of reduction in the number of eggs per gram of feces, they were found only in the group treated with Uncaria guianensis root at a concentration of 1.14mg / ml and in the chemically treated group, where they obtained a statistically significant reduction , when compared to the other treated groups, presenting 69% and 66% respectively in the reduction percentage. Regarding the number of third stage larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes recovered from sheep, after treatment with Uncaria guianensis observed that the groups treated with closantel, Uncaria guianensis root at a concentration of 1.14mg / ml and the stem of Uncaria guianensis at a concentration of 1.25mg / ml were statistically different  from the other treatments, presenting 68%, 68 % and 86%

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito anti-helmíntico da raiz e do caule de Uncaria guianensis sobre ovos e larvas de nematóides gastrointestinais de ovelhas naturalmente infectadas. O extrato da raiz de Uncaria guianensis foi testado nas concentrações de 0,57mg / mL e 1,14mg / mL e o extrato do caule de Uncaria guianensis nas concentrações de 1,25mg / mL e 2,5mg / mL. Os animais foram divididos em grupos de cinco animais cada, onde quatro grupos receberam o extrato vegetal e uma dose / concentração, um grupo recebeu o anti-helmíntico closantel e outro grupo recebeu apenas água destilada, totalizando seis grupos tratados. Foram aplicados dez mL por via oral nos dias de tratamento, em dose única para os grupos tratados com o extrato, o grupo closantel recebeu a dose preconizada pelo fabricante e o grupo negativo recebeu 10 mL de água destilada. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas semanalmente para análise parasitoló-gica e sangue para hematócrito. Os resultados do OPG foram analisados após transformação logarítmica (x + 1) e submetidos à análise de variância unilateral (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. As larvas L3 de terceiro estágio foram recuperadas da co-cultura e submetidas ao teste de tukey a 5%.

Influência da progesterona injetável na taxa de prenhez e perda gestacional de fêmeas nelore de distintas categorias reprodutivas submetidas a inseminação artificial em tempo fixo / Influence of injectable progesterone on the pregnancy rate and gestational loss of Nellore females of different reproductive categories undergoing fixed-time artificial insemination

Progesterone (P4) is essential for embryonic development and maintenance of pregnancy when deficiency causes early embryonic loss. In this study, we investigated the ability of hormonal supplementation to improve the fertility of Nellore females subjected to fixed-time artificial insemination (IATF) protocols. Here, we evaluated the effect of long-acting injectable progesterone (iP4) supplementation in the D4 after IATF on pregnancy rate and pregnancy loss in Nellore females (Bos taurus indicus) from different reproductive categories in Western Amazonia. Eight hundred thirteen Nellore females from 5 farms were selected and distributed into 2 groups: control [GC; administration of 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline solution, intramuscularly - IM] (n = 407) and a group that received injectable progesterone (iP4) that was long-acting [GiP4; administration of 0.5 mL of iP4, 300 mg, via IM four days after IATF] (n = 406). Each group contained 3 subgroups: heifers, primiparous cows, and multiparous cows. Of the 407 animals in the CG, 103 were heifers, 107 primiparous, and 197 multiparous. Of the 406 animals in the GiP4 group, there were 101 heifers, 107 primiparous, and 198 multiparous. On a random day of the estrous cycle (D0), an intravaginal device containing 1 g of P4 and 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (BE) was inserted by intramuscular injection. On D8, the P4 device was removed and 150 µg of D-cloprostenol (PGF2α), 300 IU eCG, and 1 mg BE were administered IM. Cows were inseminated at D10, 48-52 h after procedure on D8. Pregnancy diagnosis was made between 35 and 40 days after insemination through ultrasound examination. Between 80 and 90 days after insemination, a new ultrasound examination was performed to assess early pregnancy loss. The data were processed using the SAS 9.2. The conception rate, pregnancy loss, and final conception rate were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX according to groups (CG and GiP4), categories (heifers, primiparous and multiparous), and their interactions as variables. The differences in the means of least squares were adjusted using the Tukey­Kramer method. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. The general conception rate was 46% (375/816). Regardless of the animal class, GiP4 animals (51.97%) had higher conception rates (P < 0.05) than CG (40.29%). In the subgroups (heifers, primiparous and multiparous cows), there was a difference (P < 0.05) between animals treated with iP4 (52.48%, 57.94%, and 48.48%, respectively) and those who were not (39.81%, 41.12%, and 40.10%, respectively). Gestational losses, regardless of the animal class, were higher in females in the CG (7.93%) [P < 0.05] compared to those in the GiP4 group (2.84%). Regardless of treatment with iP4, the percentage of gestational loss in heifers was significantly higher (10.64%) than that in primiparous and multiparous cows (3.77% and 2.86%, respectively). The final conception rates were higher in animals that received long-acting iP4, which increased the final pregnancy in all parity categories. In the present study, the use of iP4 increased the pregnancy rate in Nellore females, regardless of the category. Although there has been no consensus on the use of iP4, there is an agreement that increases in the pregnancy rate are related to the moment of exogenous P4 application. In addition to influencing the pregnancy rate, reduction in pregnancy losses is also attributed to iP4 treatment, a fact demonstrated in the present study, where animals treated with iP4 had a lower pregnancy loss rate than normally occurs in beef cattle. Supplementation with long-acting iP4 increased the pregnancy rate at D35-40, reduced pregnancy losses, and increased the conception rate on D80-90 days in Nellore females reared in the Western Amazon, regardless of the animal category.(AU)

Vertical transmissibility of small ruminant lentivirus.

This study aimed to evaluate by means of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR), co-cultivation and sequencing, with genetic comparison between strains (mother/newborn), the occurrence of vertical transmission of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) from naturally occurring nannies infected for their offspring. For the detection of SRLV seropositive progenitors, blood was collected from 42 nannies in the final third of gestation in tubes with and without anticoagulant. The diagnostic tests used were Western Blot (WB) and nPCR. During the period of birth, the same blood collection procedure was performed on 73 newborns at zero hours of birth, with the same diagnostic tests. Seventeen blood samples from seven-day-old kids, proven positive for SRLV by nPCR, chosen at random, were subjected to coculture in goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells for 105 days. The pro-viral DNA extracted from the cell supernatant from the coculture was subjected to nPCR. For DNA sequencing from the nPCR products, nine positive samples were chosen at random, four nannies with their respective offspring, also positive. Each sample was performed in triplicate, thus generating 27 nPCR products of which only 19 were suitable for analysis. Among the 42 pregnant goats, in 50% (21/42) pro-viral DNA was detected by nPCR, while in the WB, only 7.14% (3/42) presented antibodies against SRLV. Regarding neonates, of the 73 kids, 34 (46.57%) were positive for the virus, using the nPCR technique, while in the serological test (WB), three positive animals (4.10%) were observed. The coculture of the 17 samples with a positive result in the nPCR was confirmed in viral isolation by amplification of the SRLV pro-viral DNA. When aligned, the pro-viral DNA sequences (nannies and their respective offspring) presented homology in relation to the standard strain CAEV Co. It was concluded that the transmission of SRLV through intrauterine route was potentially the source of infection in the newborn goats.

Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Mycoplasma agalactiae and investigation of coinfection with the caprine lentivirus in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

Contagious agalactia is a disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae that leads to a reduction or complete stop of milk production. Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is an infectious disease caused by a lentivirus of the Retroviridae family, member of the small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) group. Although these diseases are caused by distinct pathogens, the clinical presentation is similar. Hence, this study aimed to perform a serological investigation, as well as to assess correlation between both diseases and risk factors associated in two mesoregions of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used for contagious agalactia and western blot for CAE. A total of 538 serum samples were used in this study that were collected from goats and sorted from a blood bank of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. Seroprevalence of M. agalactiae in flocks from Rio Grande do Norte was 7.8% (42/538). In both regions that were investigated, 25.9% (14/54) of farms had positive animals. CAE results revealed that 3.9% (21/538) of animals and 42.6% (23/54) of farms had this disease. Concerning risk factors, only sex and animal category presented significant relevance (P < 0.05) for contagious agalactia, in which females presented higher frequency of seropositive individuals (10.1%; 39/387). In the animal category, 4.3% (14/326) and 11.1% (36/323) of female breeders were positive for CAE and contagious agalactia, respectively, and significance was identified only in the latter (P < 0.05). In conclusion, there was no correlation between the investigated diseases, considering that no animal demonstrated antibodies for both pathogens.

Ocorrência de Ascaridia galli e Heterakis gallinarum em galinha-dangola (Numida meleagris) no estado de Rondônia, Brasil / Occurrence of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in the state of Rondônia, Brazil

Background: Parasitic diseases are among the problems that most affect birds. The Ascaridia spp. is one of the genera which is responsible for the main infections, and the Ascaridia. galli is the most frequent species found in birds. The Ascaridia spp. egg is oval and present a smooth shell which could be mistaken with the Heterakis gallinarum eggs, once they are the most frequent parasites in birds. Therefore, this case report describes the occurrence of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum in a guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) feces and gut. Case: In January 2017, rain season in northern Brazil, a visit was performed to a free range avian breeding property in the municipality of São Miguel do Guaporé in the state of Rondônia, Brazilian Amazonian Region. The property breeds two chicken species: Gallus gallus domesticus and Numida meleagris as well as one quail species. The problem was related to the guinea fowl breeding which was composed by 50 adults and 45 young birds about two or three weeks old. All 45 young guinea fowl were presenting various clinical signs, which included: yellowish catarrhal diarrhea, isolation, loss of appetite, body weight, ruffled feathers, drooping wings and sternal prominence. All animals that presented the clinical signs as ruffled feathers, drooping wings and sternal prominence died on an average of 24 h and the mortality was of 65.9% (29/45). Subsequently, a three-week old bird corpse was necropsied, and it was observed that its intestines presented a large…(AU)

Influência da progesterona injetável na taxa de prenhez de novilhas receptoras de embriões bovinos / Influence of injectable progesterone on the pregnancy rate of heifers receiving bovine embryos

Background: In vitro embryo production (IVEP) allows the spread of superior animal genetics, but pregnancy rates show a high variability with this biotechnique. In the initial stage of pregnancy, progesterone plays a fundamental role in uterine preparation, acting on embryonic growth, implantation, and development. However, on the day of the IVEP transfer to the recipients, progesterone levels may be lower than that expected, influencing the uterine environment and, consequently, the pregnancy rate. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the pregnancy rate in heifers after the administration of injectable progesterone (P4) in the fixed-time embryo transfer (FTET) protocol. Materials, Methods & Results: The experiment was conducted inside a rural property near the city of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. The experimental group consisted of 232 animals, including 78 zebuine (Bos indicus) and 154 mixed (½ blood B. indicus and ½ blood B. taurus) animals, aged between 16 and 24 months, with a mean weight of 300 and 330 kg for zebuine and mixed animals, respectively. The selected animals were previously synchronized using the progesteroneestrogen-prostaglandin-estrogen protocol. Embryo transfer was performed on day 18 of the protocol, which was 9 days after the removal of intravaginal progesterone implant. On day 15 of the protocol, that is, 144 h (6 days) after the device removal, the animals were randomly distributed into two experimental groups: Control Group (CG; 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline solution, intramuscular) and Treated Group (P4G; 0.5 mL of injectable P4, 150 mg, intramuscular). Chi-square test was used for the statistical analysis of the pregnancy rate at a 5% probability. After 23 days of embryo transfer, pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography. The general pregnancy rate, considering all groups (CG and P4G) and breeds included, was 55.17% (128/232). The pregnancy rates of the P4G and CG groups, regardless of breeds, were...

Ocorrência de Ascaridia galli e Heterakis gallinarum em galinha-d’angola (Numida meleagris) no estado de Rondônia, Brasil / Occurrence of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in the state of Rondônia, Brazil

Background: Parasitic diseases are among the problems that most affect birds. The Ascaridia spp. is one of the genera which is responsible for the main infections, and the Ascaridia. galli is the most frequent species found in birds. The Ascaridia spp. egg is oval and present a smooth shell which could be mistaken with the Heterakis gallinarum eggs, once they are the most frequent parasites in birds. Therefore, this case report describes the occurrence of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum in a guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) feces and gut. Case: In January 2017, rain season in northern Brazil, a visit was performed to a free range avian breeding property in the municipality of São Miguel do Guaporé in the state of Rondônia, Brazilian Amazonian Region. The property breeds two chicken species: Gallus gallus domesticus and Numida meleagris as well as one quail species. The problem was related to the guinea fowl breeding which was composed by 50 adults and 45 young birds about two or three weeks old. All 45 young guinea fowl were presenting various clinical signs, which included: yellowish catarrhal diarrhea, isolation, loss of appetite, body weight, ruffled feathers, drooping wings and sternal prominence. All animals that presented the clinical signs as ruffled feathers, drooping wings and sternal prominence died on an average of 24 h and the mortality was of 65.9% (29/45). Subsequently, a three-week old bird corpse was necropsied, and it was observed that its intestines presented a large

Efficacy of measures to control caprine arthritis-encephalitis in dairy herd with high clinical and serological prevalence / Eficácia das medidas de controle da artrite-encefalite caprina em rebanho leiteiro com alta prevalência clínica e sorológica

This study examined the effectiveness of control measures for caprine arthritis-encephalitis in a herd with 431 dairy goats in an intensive rearing system. All animals older than six months were initially tested by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and separated into seropositive and seronegative. Control measures were implemented for two years and ten months. Five serological examinations were subsequently performed—two by AGID and three by the Western Blot (WB) technique. In these tests, animals that tested negative in the previous serological examination were evaluated along with those older than six months which had not yet been examined. The effectiveness of control was evaluated based on the incidence of the disease. Seroconverted animals were stratified according to age, physiological status and dam serology. For the effect of time, logistic regression was performed at the 5% significance level, with values converted into likelihood. General incidence and incidence as a function of age and physiological status were evaluated by analysis of variance, with means compared by Tukeys test at 5% significance. The ratio test was used for incidence and physiological status, and the agreement between the AGID and WB tests was determined by the Kappa coefficient. Animals that seroconverted and were born to positive dams were compared with those born to dams negative at birth by the Chi-square test, and the same was applied for the number of discarded animals. Initially, 54.24% (179/330) positive and 257 seroconverted animals were identified after the start of control. Higher incidence occurred in the animal saged between 13 and 36 months and in lactating does. Seroconversions among offspring of seropositive dams were higher than in the offspring of seronegative dams (p < 0.001). High infection rates were identified in the sires. The obtained [...].(AU)

Avaliou-se a eficácia das medidas de controle para a artrite-encefalite caprina em rebanho com 431 caprinos leiteiros em regime intensivo de criação. Todos os animais com idade superior a seis meses foram inicialmente testados por imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) e soropositivos e soronegativos separados. Durante dois anos e dez meses medidas de controle foram instituídas. Cinco testes sorológicos foram posteriormente realizados, dois por IDGA e três por Western Blot (WB). Nesses testes eram avaliados os animais negativos na sorologia anterior e acrescidos os com mais de seis meses, ainda não avaliados. A eficácia do controle foi avaliada pela incidência da enfermidade. Animais que soroconverteram foram estratificados quanto a idade, estado fisiológico e sorologia das progenitoras. Para o efeito do tempo foi realizado a regressão logística a 5% de significância, convertidos em razão de probabilidades. A incidência geral e incidência em função da idade e estado fisiológico foram avaliadas pela análise variância, comparando as médias pelo teste Tukey a 5 % de significância. O teste de proporções foi utilizado para incidência e estado fisiológico, e a concordância entre os testes IDGA e Wb realizada através do coeficiente Kappa. Os animais que soroconverteram e eram nascidos de progenitoras positivas foram comparados com aqueles de progenitoras negativas ao parto pelo teste de Qui-quadrado, assim como o número de animais descartados. Inicialmente identificou-se 54,24%(179/330) de animais positivos e 257 soroconverteram após início do controle. Incidências maiores ocorreram nos animais entre 13 e 36 meses e nas lactantes. Soroconversões em crias de progenitoras soropositivas foram maiores que nas de progenitoras soronegativas (p < 0,001). Altas taxas de infecção foram identificadas nos reprodutores. Os resultados obtidos não foram satisfatórios, pois as medidas não contribuíram para evitar novos casos, demonstrando que existem momentos de infecção que [...].(AU)

Efficacy of measures to control caprine arthritis-encephalitis in dairy herd with high clinical and serological prevalence / Eficácia das medidas de controle da artrite-encefalite caprina em rebanho leiteiro com alta prevalência clínica e sorológica

This study examined the effectiveness of control measures for caprine arthritis-encephalitis in a herd with 431 dairy goats in an intensive rearing system. All animals older than six months were initially tested by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and separated into seropositive and seronegative. Control measures were implemented for two years and ten months. Five serological examinations were subsequently performed—two by AGID and three by the Western Blot (WB) technique. In these tests, animals that tested negative in the previous serological examination were evaluated along with those older than six months which had not yet been examined. The effectiveness of control was evaluated based on the incidence of the disease. Seroconverted animals were stratified according to age, physiological status and dam serology. For the effect of time, logistic regression was performed at the 5% significance level, with values converted into likelihood. General incidence and incidence as a function of age and physiological status were evaluated by analysis of variance, with means compared by Tukey’s test at 5% significance. The ratio test was used for incidence and physiological status, and the agreement between the AGID and WB tests was determined by the Kappa coefficient. Animals that seroconverted and were born to positive dams were compared with those born to dams negative at birth by the Chi-square test, and the same was applied for the number of discarded animals. Initially, 54.24% (179/330) positive and 257 seroconverted animals were identified after the start of control. Higher incidence occurred in the animal saged between 13 and 36 months and in lactating does. Seroconversions among offspring of seropositive dams were higher than in the offspring of seronegative dams (p < 0.001). High infection rates were identified in the sires. The obtained [...].

Avaliou-se a eficácia das medidas de controle para a artrite-encefalite caprina em rebanho com 431 caprinos leiteiros em regime intensivo de criação. Todos os animais com idade superior a seis meses foram inicialmente testados por imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) e soropositivos e soronegativos separados. Durante dois anos e dez meses medidas de controle foram instituídas. Cinco testes sorológicos foram posteriormente realizados, dois por IDGA e três por Western Blot (WB). Nesses testes eram avaliados os animais negativos na sorologia anterior e acrescidos os com mais de seis meses, ainda não avaliados. A eficácia do controle foi avaliada pela incidência da enfermidade. Animais que soroconverteram foram estratificados quanto a idade, estado fisiológico e sorologia das progenitoras. Para o efeito do tempo foi realizado a regressão logística a 5% de significância, convertidos em razão de probabilidades. A incidência geral e incidência em função da idade e estado fisiológico foram avaliadas pela análise variância, comparando as médias pelo teste Tukey a 5 % de significância. O teste de proporções foi utilizado para incidência e estado fisiológico, e a concordância entre os testes IDGA e Wb realizada através do coeficiente Kappa. Os animais que soroconverteram e eram nascidos de progenitoras positivas foram comparados com aqueles de progenitoras negativas ao parto pelo teste de Qui-quadrado, assim como o número de animais descartados. Inicialmente identificou-se 54,24%(179/330) de animais positivos e 257 soroconverteram após início do controle. Incidências maiores ocorreram nos animais entre 13 e 36 meses e nas lactantes. Soroconversões em crias de progenitoras soropositivas foram maiores que nas de progenitoras soronegativas (p < 0,001). Altas taxas de infecção foram identificadas nos reprodutores. Os resultados obtidos não foram satisfatórios, pois as medidas não contribuíram para evitar novos casos, demonstrando que existem momentos de infecção que [...].

Dairy herd production aspects of family farms in Western Amazon, Brazil / Aspectos produtivos dos rebanhos leiteiros de propriedades agrícolas familiares na Amazônia Ocidental

This study aimed to evaluate the production parameters of herds in 100 dairy family farms in the mesoregion of the Acre Valley, in Western Amazon, Brazil. To this end, the farms were divided into two levels of milk production. Data were collected from March to June 2016, using a 248-question semi structured form and on-site observations. The information was recorded in SPSS® spreadsheets. Dairy farmers were divided into two clusters known as "high production cluster" (1,755.65 L ha-¹ yr-¹) and "low production cluster" (492.75 L ha-¹ yr-¹), using the K-means non-hierarchical method. Descriptive statistics was used and, with the aid of the multivariate cluster analysis, cattle ranchers were divided into the two clusters (high and low production). The results showed that the high-production cluster had larger total milk production (L milk cow-¹ day-¹) and family income within smaller areas and using less workforce. The farmers in this group also used more ear tags for cattle identification and more technologies such as electric fence and artificial insemination at a fixed time. We concluded that family farms should improve their management and receive technical assistance to strengthen their weaknesses in dairy-cow health and reproduction systems. Moreover, milk yield in these dairy farms should be improved to increase profitability of farmers.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar 100 fazendas leiteiras sob regime de agricultura familiar a partir da mesorregião do Vale do Acre, na Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil. considerando alguns aspectos dos rebanhos, considerando diferentes níveis de produção de leite. Os dados foram coletados no período de março a junho de 2016, a partir de um formulário semiestruturado, contendo 248 questões, por meio de observação in loco, bem como as respostas obtidas com os proprietários; e gravados em planilhas SPSS®. Os produtores de leite foram divididos em agrupamentos denominados "maior produtividade" (1.755,65 litro/hectare/ano) e "menor produtividade" (492,75 litros / hectare / ano) utilizando o método não-hierárquico K-means. Adotou-se a estatística descritiva e, com o auxílio da metodologia de análise multivariada de clusters, os pecuaristas foram divididos em dois agrupamentos com diferentes características em termos de produtividade (maior e menor). Algumas diferenças relevantes entre as propriedades foram identificadas: aquelas pertencentes ao cluster de maior produtividade aumentaram a produção total de leite, leite/vaca/dia e renda familiar, e utilizaram menor área e força de trabalho para produção. Essas propriedades também mostraram maior uso de brincos para identificação e utilizaram mais tecnologias, como cerca elétrica e inseminação artificial em tempo fixo. Concluímos que é necessário melhorar a gestão das propriedades familiares e tomar medidas de assistência técnica para corrigir os pontos fracos na saúde e reprodução das vacas leiteiras. Além disso, é essencial melhorar a produtividade para aumentar a lucratividade das fazendas leiteiras rurais.

Study of metalloproteinases in the blood of goats experimentally infected with caprine encephalitis arthritis virus / Estudo de metaloproteinases no sangue de caprinos experimentalmente infectados pelo vírus da artrite encefalite caprina

Caprine arthritis encephalitis is a lentiviral disease that leads to considerable losses in goat farming. In the acute phase of viral infection, though antiviral antibodies are produced by the host's immune system, they are not sufficient to be detected by serological tests. Acute infections begin with an incubation period, during which the viral genome replicates and host innate responses are initiated. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that play an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of tissue remodeling. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of MMPs and their activity in the blood serum of male goats experimentally infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). Five dairy male goats, aged 3-4 years, were intravenously inoculated with CAEV Cork strain (titer: 105-6 TCID50/mL) after being tested negative for CAEV thrice at consecutive intervals of 30 days using western blot analysis and nested-PCR. The study included three stages: S1 or pre-infection stage; S2 or seroconversion stage, corresponding to the occurrence of first seroconversion; and S3 or post-seroconversion stage, corresponding to 23 weeks after seroconversion. Zymography was performed for the samples using gelatin zymography gels (12.5%), which were subjected to electrophoresis at 170V, 1A, and 300W for 50-70 min. The density of MMP-2 was found to be lower at S1 (1456.20 pixels) than that at S2 and S3 (1943.80 and 2104.40 pixels, respectively) (P < 0.05); and the density of MMP-9 was found to be lower at S3 (133.60 pixels) than that at S1 and S2 (359.60 and 370.60 pixels, respectively). The density of proMMP-2 was low at S1 and S3 (130.45 and 145.20 pixels, respectively). On the other hand, the density of proMMP-9 was statistically different between S1 and S3 (89.22 vs. 415.60 pixels). Both proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 were absent at S2. Thus, MMP-2 and MMP9 exhibited opposite behaviors depending on the stage [...].

A encefalite por artrite caprina é uma doença lentiviral que leva a perdas consideráveis na criação de caprinos. Na fase aguda da infecção viral, embora os anticorpos antivirais sejam produzidos pelo sistema imunológico do hospedeiro, eles não são suficientes para serem detectados por testes sorológicos. As infecções agudas começam com um período de incubação, durante o qual o genoma viral se replica e as respostas inatas do hospedeiro são iniciadas. As metaloproteinases da matriz (MMPs) são enzimas que desempenham um papel importante nos processos fisiológicos e patológicos da remodelação tecidual. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a expressão de MMPs e sua atividade no soro sanguíneo de reprodutores caprinos infectados experimentalmente pelo vírus da encefalite por artrite caprina(CAEV). Cinco machos caprinos, com idades entre 3-4 anos, foram inoculadas por via intravenosa com a cepa de CAEV Cork (título: 105-6 TCID50/mL) após serem testados negativamente para CAEV três vezes em intervalos consecutivos de 30 dias usando a análise de western blot e nested-PCR. O estudo incluiu três etapas: estágio S1 ou pré-infecção; S2 ou estágio de soroconversão, correspondente à ocorrência de primeira soroconversão; e S3 ou pós-soroconversão, correspondendo a 23 semanas após a soroconversão. A zimografia foi realizada para as amostras utilizando gel de gelatina (12,5%), que foram submetidos à eletroforese em 170V, 1A e 300W por 50-70 min. Verificou-se que a densidade de MMP-2era menor em S1 (1456,20 pixels) do que em S2 e S3 (1943,80 e 2104,40 pixels, respectivamente) (P <0,05); e a densidade de MMP-9 foi menor em S3 (133,60 pixels) do que em S1 e S2 (359,60 e 370,60 pixels, respectivamente). A densidade do proMMP-2 era baixa em S1 e S3 (130,45 e 145,20 pixels, respectivamente). Por outro lado, a densidade do proMMP-9 foi estatisticamente diferente entre S1 e S3(89,22 vs. 415,60 pixels). ProMMP-2 e proMMP-9 estavam ausentes no S2. Assim, MMP-2 e [...].