Erratum: f_{0}(1370) Controversy from Dispersive Meson-Meson Scattering Data Analyses [Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 051902 (2023)].

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.051902.

[Revision surgery of anterior cruciate ligament plasty]. / Cirugía de revisión de plastía de ligamento cruzado anterior.

INTRODUCTION: anterior cruciate ligament injuries (ACL) continue increasing in frecuency in the general population and sportmen who practice soccer and american football where we can locate 53% of the total of cases, the annual incidence is 70 per 100,000 persons. The incidence of this injuries has being increasing in women probably of the increase of the participation in such sports. OBJECTIVE: to document the causes of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) plasty failure, as well as the diagnosis, surgical technique, and postoperative care of a revision ACL plasty surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a search for relevant information, original research articles, clinical trials, and reviews in indexed journals was performed. RESULTS: anterior cruciate ligament injuries continue to increase among the general population and athletes who play soccer and American soccer mainly, in this population group we found 53% of the total cases. The gold standard for treatment is arthroscopic reconstruction of the ligament. ACL reconstruction surgery has good results, with an estimated 75-90% success rate. Long-term failures of anterior cruciate ligament repair represent 5-25%. Among the factors associated with this failure are technical errors, traumatic antecedents, biological factors, among others. CONCLUSIONS: in ACL revision surgery good results can be achieved with respect to graft stability, return to play and functional stability of the knee, but the results are generally inferior to those of primary ACL reconstruction.

INTRODUCCIÓN: las lesiones del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) continúan en aumento entre la población general y deportistas que practican fútbol soccer y americano en donde se encuentra 53% del total de los casos; la incidencia anual es de 70 por cada 100,000 personas. La incidencia de estas lesiones ha ido en aumento en mujeres, probablemente por el incremento de la participación deportiva. OBJETIVO: documentar las causas de fracaso de plastía de ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA), así como el diagnóstico, técnica quirúrgica, cuidado postquirúrgico de una cirugía de revisión de plastía LCA. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se ha realizado una búsqueda de información relevante, artículos de investigación originales, ensayos clínicos y revisiones en revistas indexadas. RESULTADOS: las lesiones del ligamento cruzado anterior continúan en aumento entre la población general y deportistas que practican futbol soccer y americano principalmente; en este grupo de la población encontramos 53% del total de los casos. El estándar de oro para su tratamiento es la reconstrucción del ligamento por vía artroscópica. La cirugía de reconstrucción de LCA presentan buenos resultados, se estima 75-90% de éxito. Los fracasos a largo plazo de la reparación de ligamento cruzado anterior representan de 5-25%. Dentro de los factores asociados a este fracaso encontramos errores técnicos, antecedentes traumáticos, factores biológicos, entre otros. CONCLUSIONES: en la cirugía de revisión de LCA se pueden lograr buenos resultados con respecto a la estabilidad del injerto, regreso al juego y estabilidad funcional de la rodilla, pero los resultados son generalmente inferiores a los de la reconstrucción primaria del LCA.

Dispersive ππ→KK[over ¯] Amplitude and Giant CP Violation in B to Three Light-Meson Decays at LHCb.

The LHCb collaboration has recently reported the largest CP violation effect from a single amplitude, as well as other giant CP asymmetries in several B-meson decays into three charmless light mesons. It is also claimed that this is predominantly due to ππ→KK[over ¯] rescattering in the final state, particularly in the 1 to 1.5 GeV region. In these analyses the ππ→KK[over ¯] amplitude is by default estimated from the ππ elastic scattering amplitude and does not describe the existing ππ→KK[over ¯] scattering data. Here we show how the recent model-independent dispersive analysis of ππ→KK[over ¯] data can be easily implemented in the LHCb formalism. This leads to a more accurate description of the asymmetry, while being consistent with the measured scattering amplitude and confirming the prominent role of hadronic final state interactions, paving the way for more elaborated analyses.

f_{0}(1370) Controversy from Dispersive Meson-Meson Scattering Data Analyses.

We establish the existence of the long-debated f_{0}(1370) resonance in the dispersive analyses of meson-meson scattering data. For this, we present a novel approach using forward dispersion relations, valid for generic inelastic resonances. We find its pole at (1245±40)-i(300_{-70}^{+30}) MeV in ππ scattering. We also provide the couplings as well as further checks extrapolating partial-wave dispersion relations or with other continuation methods. A pole at (1380_{-60}^{+70})-i(220_{-70}^{+80}) MeV also appears in the ππ→KK[over ¯] data analysis with partial-wave dispersion relations. Despite settling its existence, our model-independent dispersive and analytic methods still show a lingering tension between pole parameters from the ππ and KK[over ¯] channels that should be attributed to data.

Tsunami generation potential of a strike-slip fault tip in the westernmost Mediterranean.

Tsunamis are triggered by sudden seafloor displacements, and usually originate from seismic activity at faults. Nevertheless, strike-slip faults are usually disregarded as major triggers, as they are thought to be capable of generating only moderate seafloor deformation; accordingly, the tsunamigenic potential of the vertical throw at the tips of strike-slip faults is not thought to be significant. We found the active dextral NW-SE Averroes Fault in the central Alboran Sea (westernmost Mediterranean) has a historical vertical throw of up to 5.4 m at its northwestern tip corresponding to an earthquake of Mw 7.0. We modelled the tsunamigenic potential of this seafloor deformation by Tsunami-HySEA software using the Coulomb 3.3 code. Waves propagating on two main branches reach highly populated sectors of the Iberian coast with maximum arrival heights of 6 m within 21 and 35 min, which is too quick for current early-warning systems to operate successfully. These findings suggest that the tsunamigenic potential of strike-slip faults is more important than previously thought, and should be taken into account for the re-evaluation of tsunami early-warning systems.

Determination of the Lightest Strange Resonance K_{0}

In this work we present a precise and model-independent dispersive determination from data of the existence and parameters of the lightest strange resonance κ/K_{0}^{*}(700). We use both subtracted and unsubtracted partial-wave hyperbolic and fixed-t dispersion relations as constraints on combined fits to πK→πK and ππ→KK[over ¯] data. We then use the hyperbolic equations for the analytic continuation of the isospin I=1/2 scalar partial wave to the complex plane, in order to determine the κ/K_{0}^{*}(700) and K^{*}(892) associated pole parameters and residues.

Global parameterization of π π scattering up to 2 GeV.

We provide global parameterizations of π π → π π scattering S0 and P partial waves up to roughly 2 GeV for phenomenological use. These parameterizations describe the output and uncertainties of previous partial-wave dispersive analyses of π π → π π , both in the real axis up to 1.12 GeV and in the complex plane within their applicability region, while also fulfilling forward dispersion relations up to 1.43 GeV . Above that energy we just describe the available experimental data. Moreover, the analytic continuations of these global parameterizations also describe accurately the dispersive determinations of the σ / f 0 ( 500 ) , f 0 ( 980 ) and ρ ( 770 ) pole parameters.

Sun exposure influences the prognostic power of components of mineral metabolism in patients with coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Calcidiol (vitamin D metabolite) plasma levels vary with sun exposure (SE). However, it is not known if SE influences its prognostic ability. We have studied the effect of SE on plasma levels of the components of mineral metabolism (calcidiol, fibroblast growth factor-23 [FGF-23], parathormone [PTH], and phosphate [P]) and on their prognostic value in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied prospectively 704 patients with stable CAD. Clinical variables and baseline calcidiol, FGF-23, PTH, and P plasma levels were assessed. We divided the population in two subgroups, according to the period of plasma extraction: High SE (HSE) (April-September) and low SE (LSE) (October-March). The outcome was the development of acute ischemic events (acute coronary syndrome, stroke, or transient ischemic attack), heart failure, or death. Mean follow-up was 2.15 ± 0.99 years. Calcidiol and P levels were higher in HSE group. In the whole population, calcidiol (HR = 0.84 for each 5 ng/ml increase, 95% CI = 0.71-0.99; p = 0.038) and FGF-23 (HR = 1.14 for each 100 RU/ml increase, 95% CI = 1.05-1.23; p = 0.009) were predictors of the outcome, along with age, hypertension, body-mass index, peripheral artery disease, and P levels. In the LSE subgroup, calcidiol (HR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.57-0.99; p = 0.034) and FGF-23 (HR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.13-1.58; p = 0.003) remained as predictors of the outcome. In the HSE group calcidiol and FGF-23 had not independent prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with stable CAD, low calcidiol and high FGF-23 plasma levels predict an adverse prognosis only when the sample is obtained during the months with LSE. SE should be taken into account in the clinical practice.

Choosing the best image processing method for masticatory performance assessment when using two-coloured specimens.

Objective masticatory performance assessment using two-coloured specimens relies on image processing techniques; however, just a few approaches have been tested and no comparative studies are reported. The aim of this study was to present a selection procedure of the optimal image analysis method for masticatory performance assessment with a given two-coloured chewing gum. Dentate participants (n = 250; 25 ± 6·3 years) chewed red-white chewing gums for 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 25 cycles (2000 samples). Digitalised images of retrieved specimens were analysed using 122 image processing methods (IPMs) based on feature extraction algorithms (pixel values and histogram analysis). All IPMs were tested following the criteria of: normality of measurements (Kolmogorov-Smirnov), ability to detect differences among mixing states (anova corrected with post hoc Bonferroni) and moderate-to-high correlation with the number of cycles (Spearman's Rho). The optimal IPM was chosen using multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Measurements provided by all IPMs proved to be normally distributed (P < 0·05), 116 proved sensible to mixing states (P < 0·05), and 35 showed moderate-to-high correlation with the number of cycles (|ρ| > 0·5; P < 0·05). The variance of the histogram of the Hue showed the highest correlation with the number of cycles (ρ = 0·792; P < 0·0001) and the highest MCDA score (optimal). The proposed procedure proved to be reliable and able to select the optimal approach among multiple IPMs. This experiment may be reproduced to identify the optimal approach for each case of locally available test foods.

The use of the acute Pd/Pa drop after intracoronary nitroglycerin infusion to rule out significant FFR: CANICA (Can intracoronary nitroglycerin predict fractional flow reserve without adenosine?) multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: Functional assessment of coronary artery stenosis is performed by measuring the fractional flow reserve (FFR) under hyperemic conditions (Adenosine). However, the use of adenosine portends limitations. OBJECTIVE: We sought to investigate the relationship and correlation between FFR and the Pd/Pa value obtained just after the intracoronary infusion (acute drop) of nitroglycerin (Pd/Pa-NTG) and if this parameter enhances diagnostic accuracy for FFR prediction compared to the resting baseline Pd/Pa. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter study including prospectively patients presenting intermediate coronary artery stenosis (30-70%) evaluated with pressure wire. Resting baseline Pd/Pa, Pd/Pa-NTG and FFR were measured. RESULTS: 283 patients (335 lesions) were included. Resting baseline Pd/Pa value was 0.72 to 1.0 (0.93 ± 0.04), Pd/Pa-NTG was 0.60 to 1.0 (0.87 ± 0.07) and FFR 0.55 to 1.0 (0.83 ± 0.08). The ROC curves for resting baseline Pd/Pa and for Pd/Pa-NTG, using a FFR ≤ 0.80 showed an AUC of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.84-0.92, P < 0.001) and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92-0.96, P < 0.001) respectively. The optimal cutoff values of resting baseline Pd/Pa and Pd/Pa-NTG for an FFR > 0.80, were >0.96 and >0.88, respectively. These values were present in a 29.8% (n = 100) and a 47.1% (n = 158), of the total lesions. Scatter plots showed a better correlation and agreement points with Pd/Pa-NTG than resting baseline Pd/Pa. The cutoff value of Pd/Pa-NTG > 0.88 showed an excellent NPV (96.2% for FFR > 0.8 and 100% for FFR > 0.75) and sensitivity (95% for FFR > 0.8 and 100% for FFR > 0.75) which were consistently high across all the subgroups analysis. CONCLUSION: The cutoff value of acute Pd/Pa-NTG > 0.88 has a high NPV meaning adenosine-FFR can be avoided in almost half of lesions.

Butyrate impairs atherogenesis by reducing plaque inflammation and vulnerability and decreasing NFκB activation.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Butyrate is a four-carbon fatty acid that presents anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and apoptotic properties in colon and several cell lines. Because atherosclerosis has important oxidative and inflammatory components, butyrate could reduce oxidation and inflammation, impairing atherogenesis. We evaluated the effects of butyrate supplementation of butyrate on atherosclerosis and its mechanisms of action. METHODS AND RESULTS: ApoE knockout mice were fed on chow diet or 1% butyrate-supplemented chow diet (Butyrate) for 10 weeks to assess atherosclerosis lesions area and inflammatory status. Macrophage and endothelial cells were also pretreated with butyrate (0.5 mM) for 2 h before oxLDL stimulation to study oxLDL uptake and pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Butyrate reduced atherosclerosis in the aorta by 50%. In the aortic valve, butyrate reduced CCL2, VCAM1 and MMP2 productions in the lesion site, resulting in a lower migration of macrophage and increased collagen depositions in the lesion and plaque stability. When EA.hy926 cells were pretreated with butyrate, oxLDL uptake, CD36, VCAM1, CCL2 TNF, IL1ß and IL6 productions were reduced, whereas IL10 production was increased. These effects were accompanied by a lower activation of NFκB due to a lower nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit. CONCLUSION: Oral butyrate is able to slow the progression of atherosclerosis by reducing adhesion and migration of macrophages and increasing plaque stability. These actions are linked to the reduction of CD36 in macrophages and endothelial cells, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower activation of NFκB all of these data support a possible role for butyrate as an atheroprotective agent.

Precise determination of the f0(600) and f0(980) pole parameters from a dispersive data analysis.

We use our latest dispersive analysis of ππ scattering data and the very recent K(ℓ4) experimental results to obtain the mass, width, and couplings of the two lightest scalar-isoscalar resonances. These parameters are defined from their associated poles in the complex plane. The analytic continuation to the complex plane is made in a model-independent way by means of once- and twice-subtracted dispersion relations for the partial waves, without any other theoretical assumption. We find the f(0)(600) pole at (457(-13))+14))-i(279(-7)(+11)) MeV and that of the f(0)(980) at (996 ± 7)-i(25(-6)(+10)) MeV, whereas their respective couplings to two pions are 3.59(-0.13)(+0.11) and 2.3 ± 0.2 GeV.

Characterizing the glycocalyx of poultry spermatozoa: III. Semen cryopreservation methods alter the carbohydrate component of rooster sperm membrane glycoconjugates.

The carbohydrate-rich zone on the sperm surface is essential for inmunoprotection in the female tract and early gamete interactions. We recently have shown the glycocalyx of chicken sperm to be extensively sialylated and to contain residues of mannose, glucose, galactose, fucose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, N-acetyl-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-lactosamine. Our objective here was to evaluate the effects of 3 different cryopreservation methods on the sperm glycocalyx. Semen from roosters was pooled, diluted, cooled to 5°C, and aliquoted for cryopreservation using 6% dimethylacetamide (DMA), 11% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), or 11% glycerol (GOH). For the DMA method, semen was equilibrated for 1 min with cryoprotectant and rapidly frozen by dropping 25-µL aliquots into liquid nitrogen. For the other methods, semen was equilibrated for either 1 min (DMSO) or 20 min (GOH), loaded into straws, and frozen with a programmable freezer. Thawing rates mimicked the freezing rates (e.g., rapid for DMA; moderate for DMSO and GOH). Aliquots of thawed and fresh, unfrozen semen were incubated with 1 of 12 fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins and counterstained with propidium iodide, and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) was assessed by flow cytometry. For each lectin, the MFI of propidium iodide-negative (viable sperm) was compared among the fresh and frozen-thawed treatments (n = 5). For sperm frozen with GOH and DMA, the MFI of most lectins was similar (P > 0.05) to that of fresh sperm, whereas only 5 of 12 lectins were similar between fresh and DMSO-frozen sperm. Sperm from all 3 methods had higher (P < 0.05) MFI for lectins specific for N-acetyl-glucosamine and ß-galactose than did fresh sperm. Fewer sperm were damaged (P < 0.001) with GOH than with DMA or DMSO, and membrane integrity was correlated with MFI for 9 of 12 lectins (P < 0.05). These data indicate that surface carbohydrates are altered during cryopreservation, and that cryoprotectant type and freezing-thawing rates affect the degree of modification. Although the glycoconjugates have not yet been identified, it is likely that these cryopreservation-induced changes contribute to the reduced fertility of frozen-thawed chicken semen.

Rooster semen cryopreservation: effect of pedigree line and male age on postthaw sperm function.

The fertility rates of cryopreserved poultry semen are highly variable and not reliable for use in preservation of commercial genetic stocks. Our objective was to evaluate the cryosurvival of semen from 8 pedigreed layer lines at 2 different ages: the onset and end of commercial production. Semen from 160 roosters (20/line) was frozen individually with 11% glycerol at 6 and 12 mo of age. Glycerol was removed from thawed semen by Accudenz gradient centrifugation. The viability of thawed sperm from each male was determined using fluorescent live-dead staining and flow cytometry; sperm velocity parameters were measured using computerized motion analysis. The fertilizing ability of thawed sperm was evaluated in vitro by assessing hydrolysis of the inner perivitelline membrane. The postthaw function of sperm from the elite lines varied widely, despite the fact that fresh semen from all of these lines typically yielded high fertility rates. The percentage of thawed sperm with intact plasma membranes ranged from 27.8 + or - 2.1 to 49.6 + or - 1.9 and varied among lines and between age groups. Thawed sperm from 2 lines consistently demonstrated the highest and lowest motility parameters, whereas the velocity parameters of the remaining 6 lines varied widely. The mean number of hydrolysis points per square millimeter of inner perivitelline membrane ranged from 12.5 + or - 4.1 (line 2) to 103.3 + or - 30.2 (line 6). Age effects were observed for 4 out of 8 lines; however, improved postthaw sperm function at 12 mo of age was not consistent for all 3 assays. These results demonstrate variability among pedigreed lines in withstanding glycerol-based semen cryopreservation and provide a model for delineating genotypic and phenotypic factors affecting sperm cryosurvival.

State of the art and recommendations. Kangaroo mother care: application in a high-tech environment.

UNLABELLED: Since Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) was developed in Colombia in the 1970s, two trends in clinical application emerged. In low income settings, the original KMC model is implemented. This consists of continuous (24 h/day, 7 days/week) and prolonged mother/parent-infant skin-to-skin contact; early discharge with the infant in the kangaroo position; (ideally) exclusive breastfeeding; and, adequate follow-up. In affluent settings, intermittent KMC with sessions of one or a few hours skin-to-skin contact for a limited period is common. As a result of the increasing evidence of the benefits of KMC for both infants and families in all intensive care settings, KMC in a high-tech environment was chosen as the topic for the first European Conference on KMC, and the clinical implementation of the KMC model in all types of settings was discussed at the 7th International Workshop on KMC. Kangaroo Mother Care protocols in high-tech Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) should specify criteria for initiation, kangaroo position, transfer to/from KMC, transport in kangaroo position, kangaroo nutrition, parents' role, modification of the NICU environment, performance of care in KMC, and KMC in case of infant instability. CONCLUSION: Implementation of the original KMC method, with continuous skin-to-skin contact whenever possible, is recommended for application in high-tech environments, although scientific evaluation should continue.

Towards universal Kangaroo Mother Care: recommendations and report from the First European conference and Seventh International Workshop on Kangaroo Mother Care.

UNLABELLED: The hallmark of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is the kangaroo position: the infant is cared for skin-to-skin vertically between the mother's breasts and below her clothes, 24 h/day, with father/substitute(s) participating as KMC providers. Intermittent KMC (for short periods once or a few times per day, for a variable number of days) is commonly employed in high-tech neonatal intensive care units. These two modalities should be regarded as a progressive adaptation of the mother-infant dyad, ideally towards continuous KMC, starting gradually and progressively with intermittent KMC. The other components in KMC are exclusive breastfeeding (ideally) and early discharge in kangaroo position with strict follow-up. Current evidence allows the following general statements about KMC in affluent and low-income settings: KMC enhances bonding and attachment; reduces maternal postpartum depression symptoms; enhances infant physiologic stability and reduces pain, increases parental sensitivity to infant cues; contributes to the establishment and longer duration of breastfeeding and has positive effects on infant development and infant/parent interaction. Therefore, intrapartum and postnatal care in all types of settings should adhere to a paradigm of nonseparation of infants and their mothers/families. Preterm/low-birth-weight infants should be regarded as extero-gestational foetuses needing skin-to-skin contact to promote maturation. CONCLUSION: Kangaroo Mother Care should begin as soon as possible after birth, be applied as continuous skin-to-skin contact to the extent that this is possible and appropriate and continue for as long as appropriate.

EVALUACIÓN DE LA BIOACUMULACIÓN Y TOXICIDAD DE CADMIO Y MERCURIO EN PASTO LLANERO (Brachiaria dictyoneura) / BIOACCUMULATION AND TOXICITY EVALUATION OF CADMIUM AND MERCURY IN LLANERO GRASS (Brachiaria dictyoneura)

Se estudia la transferencia de mercurio y cadmio desde el sistema suelo hacia Brachiaria dictyoneura en función de la capacidad bioindicadora y bioacumuladora. Durante la evaluación de cadmio en B. dictyoneura se observó una disminución en el crecimiento del 65%. La toxicidad de cadmio se correlaciona con la acumulación consecutiva del catión durante el tiempo de monitoreo. En el tratamiento con mercurio, a partir de los 30 días de exposición, se observó disminución en el contenido del catión en la planta, presentando posiblemente fitorreducción de mercurio Hg2+ a Hg0 y posterior evaporación. La tolerancia y la capacidad acumuladora de B. dictyoneura podrían ser utilizadas para fitoremediación en sitios co-contaminados por Cd y Hg.

The transfer of mercury and cadmium in Brachiaria dictyoneura was studied in terms of bioaccumulative capacity and as a bioindicator. During the evaluation cadmium in B. dictyoneura show a decrease of 65%. The toxicity of cadmium was correlated with the consecutive accumulation of the cation during the monitoring time. With respect to mercury, a decrease in cation content in the plant was observed 30 days after exposure, presenting possible phytoreductión of mercury ion Hg2+ to Hg0 in B. dictyoneura and subsequent evaporation. The tolerance and accumulator capacity of B. dictyoneura could be used for phytoremediation of sites co-contaminated with Cd and Hg.

EVALUACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD BIOLÓGICA DE EMULSIONES ACEITE/AGUA DE ÁCIDO OLEICO-NICOTINA SOBRE Drosophila melanogaster / BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF OLEIC ACID-NICOTINE EMULSIONS OIL/WATER AGAINST Drosophila melanogaster

En este trabajo se estudia el efecto de las emulsiones O/W de ácido oleico-nicotina estabilizadas con Tween 80® sobre su actividad insecticida aguda y crónica en Drosophila melanogaster. La bioactividad aguda de las emulsiones de ácido oleico-nicotina registró un tiempo letal medio (TL50 = 13 ± 3 minutos) significativamente mayor que el obtenido con la nicotina en solución acuosa (TL50 = 7 ± 1 minutos). La baja bioactividad de la emulsión de ácido oleico-nicotina presenta una alta correlación con el porcentaje de nicotina encapsulada en las gotas de emulsión. La bioactividad crónica se evaluó en el ciclo de vida de D. melanogaster, donde se observó repelencia, evidenciada por la disminución en la oviposición.

This paper studies the effect of the O/W emulsion of oleic acid-nicotine stabilized with Tween 80® on its acute and chronic insecticidal activity in Drosophila melanogaster. The oleic acid-nicotine emulsions acute bioactivity show a median lethal time (LT50 = 13 ± 3 minutes) significantly higher compared with that obtained with nicotine in aqueous solution (LT50 = 7 ± 1 minutes). Oleic acid-nicotine emulsion low bioactivity present high correlation with the percentage of nicotine encapsulated in emulsion droplets. The chronic bioactivity is assessed in the life cycle of D. melanogaster where diminution in oviposition is taken as evidence of repellency.

State of the art and recommendations. Kangaroo mother care: application in a high-tech environment.

UNLABELLED: Since Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) was developed in Colombia in the 1970s, two trends in clinical application emerged. In low-income settings, the original KMC modelis implemented. This consists of continuous (24 h/day; 7 days/week) and prolonged mother/parent-infant skin-to-skin contact; early discharge with the infant in the kangaroo position; (ideally) exclusive breastfeeding and, adequate follow up. In affluent settings, intermittent KMC with sessions of one or a few hours skin-to-skin contact for a limited period is common. As a result of the increasing evidence of the benefits of KMC for both infants and families in all intensive care settings, KMC in a high-tech environment was chosen as the topic for the first European Conference on KMC, and the clinical implementation of the KMC modelin all types of settings was discussed at the 7th International Workshop on KMC Kangaroo Mother Care protocols in high-tech Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) should specify criteria for initiation, kangaroo position, transfer to/from KMC, transport in kangaroo position, kangaroo nutrition, parents'role, modification of the NICU environment, performance of care in KMC, and KMCin case of infant instability. CONCLUSION: Implementation of the original KMC method, with continuous skin-to-skin contact whenever possible, is recommended for application in high-tech environments, although scientific evaluation should continue.

Kangaroo Mother Care, home environment and father involvement in the first year of life: a randomized controlled study.

AIMS: This study tested the hypothesis that Kangaroo Mother Care creates a climate in the family, which enhances infants' performance on the developmental quotient scale. SETTING: The largest social security hospital in Colombia with a neonatal intensive care unit. SUBJECTS: At 12 months of corrected age, 194 families in the Kangaroo Mother Care group and 144 families in the Traditional Care group were available for analysis. INTERVENTIONS: Infants were kept 24 h/day in an upright position, in skin-to-skin contact until it was no longer tolerated by the infants. Babies in the Traditional Care were kept in incubators on the Minimal Care Unit until they satisfied the usual discharge criteria. OUTCOME MEASURES: The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME), Father Involvement and Developmental Quotient (Griffiths) scores. RESULTS: 1) Kangaroo mothers created a more stimulating context and a better caregiving environment than mothers in the Traditional Care group; 2) this environment was positively correlated to father involvement and 3) the family environment of male infants was most improved by Kangaroo Mother Care. CONCLUSION: Kangaroo Mother Care has a positive impact on home environment. The results also suggest, first, that both parents should be involved as direct caregivers in the Kangaroo Mother Care procedure and secondly, that this intervention should be directed more specifically at infants who are more at risk at birth. The Kangaroo Mother Care intervention could be an excellent means to ensure parents' mature involvement in the future of their children.