Influence of Perceived Parental Education Styles on Hardy Personality in Sport.

Hardy personality plays a key role in sport due to the positive outcomes that has shown in sport performance. Consequently, it is salient to know which parental educational style is more related to positive characteristics of personality such as hardiness. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study the differences in perceived parental education styles in adult athletes with high and low levels of hardy personality. The sample consisted of 502 athletes from Spain (153 were women and 349 were men) between 18 and 64 years old (M = 27.76; SD = 9.11). A series of self-report questionnaires were fulfilled: an ad hoc sociodemographic questionnaire, the "Multifactor Self-Assessment Test of Child Adjustment", the "Marathon-Hardy Personality Scale" and the Oviedo Scale of Infrequency Response. Firstly, sample was grouped in two groups. Secondly, the results of independent sample t-test showed higher levels of father protectionism and mother restriction in the low challenge scores group. Also, men educated that perceived to be educated by authoritarian parents reported lower commitment. Results also showed higher levels of care education close to mother protectionism, father restriction and mother restriction in the low hardy personality group. It was concluded that there are other variables that influence more on hardy personality in athletes apart from parents. Although challenge, hardy personality and commitment in men reported an influence by parental educational styles.

Influencia de la ira en el nivel de competición, éxitos y deportistas profesionales / Influence of anger on competition level, sport success and professional athletes

INTRODUCCIÓN: La ira es una variable que ha mostrado una fuerte influencia en el rendimiento deportivo y en variables relacionadas. Por ello, su relación con el nivel de competición, éxitos deportivos y con los deportistas profesionales se muestra como un campo de interés en la investigación científica. OBJETIVOS: 1) comprobar la relación entre la ira y el nivel de competición deportivo; 2) conocer la relación entre la ira y los éxitos deportivos; y 3) comprobar la relación entre la ira y los deportistas profesionales. MÉTODO: La muestra se compuso de 502 deportistas. MATERIAL: Se administró un cuestionario sociodemográfico ad hoc, el Inventario de Expresión de la Ira Estado-Rasgo (STAXI-2) y la Escala Oviedo de Infrecuencia de Respuesta (INF-OV). RESULTADOS: Los resultados se acercaron a la significación en los deportistas que compiten a nivel internacional, que presentaron menores niveles de ira rasgo y temperamento que los deportistas que compiten a otros niveles inferiores al internacional. Por otro lado, los análisis de regresión mostraron que a más ira rasgo existe una ligera tendencia a competir a otros niveles inferiores al internacional (p<.05). CONCLUSIONES: Se concluyó que la ira puede influir en el nivel de competición, ya que a mayores niveles de ira existe relación con competir a niveles inferiores al internacional

INTRODUCTION: Anger is a variable that can have an important influence on sport performance and many other related variables. Therefore, its relationship with competition level, sport and professional athletes, is has become an interesting field in scientific research. OBJECTIVES: 1) To verify the relationship between anger and the level of sport competition; 2) to investigate the link between anger and sport success; and 3) to identify the relationship between anger and professional athletes. METHOD: The sample was composed of 502 athletes. MATERIAL: A socio-demographic questionnaire ad hoc, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2) and The Oviedo Scale of Infrequency of Response (INF-OV) were administered. RESULTS: Close to significant differences were found amongst those athletes who compete at an international level, because they had lower levels of trait anger and temperament than their counterparts. On the other hand, regression analyses showed a slight tendency to compete at lower levels in those cases where trait anger was high (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that anger may have an influence on the level of competition, because higher anger levels were more present at a lower rather than a higher level of competition

Estilos educativos percibidos por deportistas consumidores de tabaco y cánnabis / Perceived Education Styles by Athletes Consumers of Tobacco and Cannabis / Estilos educativos percebidos por esportistas consumidores de tabaco e cannabis

Objetivo. Conocer las diferencias en los estilos educativos parentales percibidos por deportistas consumidores de tabaco y cánnabis. Método. La muestra fue de 502 deportistas españoles con una edad media de 27.76 (DE = 9.11). Para analizar los estilos educativos parentales se aplicó el Test Autoevaluativo Multifactorial de Adaptación Infantil (TAMAI); y para excluir del estudio a los participantes aquiescentes se utilizó la Escala de Oviedo de Infrecuencia de Respuesta (INF-OV). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal. La selección de la muestra se llevó a cabo en línea a través de Google Forms. Resultados. Los deportistas que no consumen tabaco (t = -2.53, p < 0.05) ni cánnabis (t = -3.26, p < 0.01) obtuvieron mayor proteccionismo del padre en la prueba t de student. Los deportistas consumidores de cánnabis, en cambio, obtuvieron mayor restricción del padre (t = 2.40, p < 0.05) en la prueba t de student. En la regresión logística binaria, se identificó una relación entre el no consumo de tabaco diario (OR = 0.39, p < 0.01) y el no consumo de cánnabis (OR = 0.74, p < 0.01) con el proteccionismo paterno. Conclusión. El proteccionismo paterno puede ser un factor protector en el consumo de tabaco y cánnabis en deportistas, mientras que la restricción paterna puede ser un factor que facilite el consumo de cánnabis.

Objective. To know the differences in perceived parental education styles according to athletes who are consumers of tobacco and cannabis. Method. The sample consisted of 502 athletes from Spain with an age range of 27.76 (DT = 9.11). In order to measure the parental education styles, the "Multifactor Self-Assessment Test of Child Adjustment" (TAMAI) was administered; to measure the acquiescence, the Oviedo Scale of Infrequency of Response (INF-OV)was administered. The study was a cross-sectional descriptive study and it was conducted online through Google Forms. Results. Athletes who do not consume tobacco (t = -2.53, p < 0.05) and cannabis (t = -3.26, p < 0.01) had greater levels of father protectionism in independent samples t test. Moreover, athletes who were cannabis consumers scored greater levels of father restriction (t = 2.40, p < 0.05) in independent samples t test. On the other hand, more father protectionism demonstrated a relationship with not consuming tobacco (OR = 0.39, p < 0.01) or cannabis (OR = 0.74, p < 0.00). Conclusion. The father protectionism could be a protective factor with regard to consumption of tobacco and cannabis in athletes. Furthermore, father restriction could be a negative factor that may increase cannabis consumption in athletes.

Escopo. Conhecer as diferencias nos estilos educativos parentais percebidos por desportistas consumidores de tabaco e cannabis. Metodologia. A amostra foi de 502 esportistas espanhóis com uma idade media de 27.76 (DE = 9.11). Para analisar os estilos educativos parentais foi aplicado o Test Auto-avaliativo Multifatorial de Adaptação Infantil (TAMAI); e para excluir do estudo aos participantes aquiescentes foi utilizada a escada de Oviedo de Infrequência de Resposta (INF-OV). Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, transversal e a seleção da amostra foi feita em linha a través de Google Forms. Resultados. Os esportistas que não consumem tabaco (t = -2.53, p < 0.05) nem cannabis (t = -3.26, p < 0.01), obtiveram maior protecionismo do pai na prova t de student . Os esportistas consumidores de cannabis, em troca, obtiveram maior restrição do pai (t = 2.40, p < 0.05) na prova t de student. Na regressão logística binária, foi identificada uma relação entre o não consumo de tabaco diário (OR = 0.39, p < 0.01) e o não consumo de cannabis (OR = 0.74, p < 0.01) com o protecionismo paterno. Conclusão. O protecionismo paterno pode ser um fator protetor no consumo de tabaco e cannabis em esportistas, enquanto que a restrição paterna pode ser um fator que facilite o consumo de cannabis.

Ira y valoración subjetiva de que el físico influye en el deporte / Anger and subjective assessment that physical influences on sport

El objetivo es conocer las diferencias en el rasgo de ira de los deportistas y practicantes de actividad física que valoraron que el físico influyó en su práctica deportiva. La muestra está constituida por 366 deportistas y practicantes de actividad física entre 18 y 64 años (M = 27.76; DE = 9.11). Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico ad hoc y el Inventario de Expresión de Ira Estado-Rasgo (STAXI 2). Los resultados mostraron que los participantes que valoraron que el físico influyó en su práctica tuvieron mayores niveles de: ira rasgo (p < .05), temperamento (p < .01), expresión interna (p < .01) expresión externa (p < .01) e índice de expresión (p < .01). Se concluyó que los participantes que valoraron que el físico influyó presentaron mayores niveles en las variables de ira. Esto puede ser porque sus altos niveles de ira distorsionan sus valoraciones acerca de su físico o que la mala valoración de su físico les hace presentar mayor ira

The goal is to identify the differences in trait anger among athletes and people who practice sports in general who considered their body structure and physical characteristics had an influence on their athletic performance. The sample consisted of 366 athletes and people who practice sports in general with an age range from 18 to 64 years old (M = 27.76; SD = 9.11). An ad hoc sociodemographic questionnaire and the Trait-State Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI 2) were used to measure the different variables. Results showed that participants who believed that their physical morphology had a negative influence on their performance showed greater levels of: trait anger (p < .05), temperament (p < .01), internal expression (p < .01), external expression (p < .01) and expression index (p < .01). A negative perception of one's own body structure and physical characteristics was associated with higher levels of anger. This result may either be due to the higher levels of anger which may distort one's perception of his/her body structure and physical characteristics, or that a biased perception of the latter may be responsible for the high levels of anger

Aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours in competitive sports: an analysis of related personal and environmental variables / Conductas agresivas y antideportivas en deporte de competición: Análisis de variables personales y ambientales relacionadas

This paper gives an analysis of personal and environmental variables related to aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours in a sample of Spanish sports competitors. We aim to: 1) ascertain how personality and expression variables relate to trait anger control and unsportsmanlike behaviors, in relation to men and women, age groups and type of sport; 2) identify and analyze the most maladjusted and the most adjusted profiles in a sample of sportsmen and women; 3) identify personality variables as predictors of aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours. Differences in gender, age and type of sport were appreciated in personality variables and in aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours. Men have better emotional adjustment (more behaviours of emotional stability, better self-esteem, self-confidence and leadership), and have worse social adjustment (fewer behaviours of tolerance, social skills and responsibility; more aggressive and un-sportsmanlike behaviours). Women have better social adjustment (more behaviours of tolerance, understanding, adaptation, responsibility, discipline and sociability), and have worse emotional adjustment (greater anxiety). More aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours and greater emotional maladjustment were found in the youngest sportsmen and women. Aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours were more frequent in team sports. This study highlights personality variables as predictors of aggressive and unsportsmanlike behaviours (AU)

En este trabajo se analizan variables personales y ambientales relacionadas con conductas agresivas y antideportivas, en una muestra española de deportistas competidores. Los objetivos son: 1) Conocer la relación entre variables de personalidad, de expresión y control de la ira rasgo y conductas antideportivas entre hombres y mujeres, grupos de edad y naturaleza del deporte; 2) Detectar y analizar perfiles más desajustados y más ajustados en la muestra de deportistas; 3) Identificar variables de personalidad predictoras de conductas agresivas y antideportivas. Se apreciaron diferencias de género, edad y naturaleza del deporte en las variables de personalidad y en conductas agresivas y antideportivas. Los hombres presentan mejor ajuste emocional (más conductas de estabilidad emocional, mejor autoestima, autoconfianza y liderazgo), y peor ajuste social (menos conductas de tolerancia, habilidad social y responsabilidad; más conductas agresivas y antideportivas). Las mujeres, mejor ajuste social (más conductas de tolerancia, comprensión, adaptación, responsabilidad, disciplina y sociables), y peor ajuste emocional (una mayor ansiedad). Se detectó más conductas agresivas y antideportivas y mayor desajuste emocional en los deportistas más jóvenes. Las conductas agresivas y antideportivas fueron más frecuentes en deportes de equipo. El estudio pone de relieve variables de personalidad como predictoras de conductas agresivas y antideportivas (AU)