In vitro effects of alcohol-containing mouthwashes on human enamel and restorative materials.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects, including surface morphological characteristics and chemical elemental properties, of different mouthwash formulations on enamel and dental restorative materials, simulating up to 6 months of daily use. Human enamel samples, hydroxyapatite, composite resin, and ceramic surfaces were exposed to 3 different mouthwashes according to label directions - Listerine® Cool Mint®, Listerine® Total Care, and Listerine® Whitening - versus control (hydroalcohol solution) to simulate daily use for up to 6 months. The samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectrophotometry (µ-Fourier transform infrared microscopy), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and color analysis before and after exposure. No relevant changes were observed in the morphological characteristics of the surfaces using SEM techniques. The physical and chemical aspects of the enamel surfaces were evaluated using mid-infrared spectroscopy, and EDX fluorescence was used to evaluate the elemental aspects of each surface. There was no variation in the relative concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in enamel, silicon and barium in composite resin, and silicon and aluminum in the ceramic material before and after treatment. No relevant changes were detected in the biochemical and color properties of any specimen, except with Listerine® Whitening mouthwash, which demonstrated a whitening effect on enamel surfaces. Long-term exposure to low pH, alcohol-containing, and peroxide-containing mouthwash formulations caused no ultra-structural or chemical elemental changes in human enamel or dental restorative materials in vitro.

In vitro effects of alcohol-containing mouthwashes on human enamel and restorative materials

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects, including surface morphological characteristics and chemical elemental properties, of different mouthwash formulations on enamel and dental restorative materials, simulating up to 6 months of daily use. Human enamel samples, hydroxyapatite, composite resin, and ceramic surfaces were exposed to 3 different mouthwashes according to label directions — Listerine® Cool Mint®, Listerine® Total Care, and Listerine® Whitening — versus control (hydroalcohol solution) to simulate daily use for up to 6 months. The samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectrophotometry (µ-Fourier transform infrared microscopy), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and color analysis before and after exposure. No relevant changes were observed in the morphological characteristics of the surfaces using SEM techniques. The physical and chemical aspects of the enamel surfaces were evaluated using mid-infrared spectroscopy, and EDX fluorescence was used to evaluate the elemental aspects of each surface. There was no variation in the relative concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in enamel, silicon and barium in composite resin, and silicon and aluminum in the ceramic material before and after treatment. No relevant changes were detected in the biochemical and color properties of any specimen, except with Listerine® Whitening mouthwash, which demonstrated a whitening effect on enamel surfaces. Long-term exposure to low pH, alcohol-containing, and peroxide-containing mouthwash formulations caused no ultra-structural or chemical elemental changes in human enamel or dental restorative materials in vitro.

[Access to information about how to prevent oral problems among school children in the public school network]. / Acesso a informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais entre escolares da Rede Pública de Ensino.

The scope of this study is to identify the prevalence of access to information about how to prevent oral problems among schoolchildren in the public school network, as well as the factors associated with such access. This is a cross-sectional and analytical study conducted among 12-year-old schoolchildren in a Brazilian municipality with a large population. The examinations were performed by 24 trained dentists and calibrated with the aid of 24 recorders. Data collection occurred in 36 public schools selected from the 89 public schools of the city. Descriptive, univariate and multiple analyses were conducted. Of the 2510 schoolchildren included in the study, 2211 reported having received information about how to prevent oral problems. Access to such information was greater among those who used private dental services; and lower among those who used the service for treatment, who evaluated the service as regular or bad/awful. The latter use toothbrush only or toothbrush and tongue scrubbing as a means of oral hygiene and who reported not being satisfied with the appearance of their teeth. The conclusion drawn is that the majority of schoolchildren had access to information about how to prevent oral problems, though access was associated with the characteristics of health services, health behavior and outcomes.

Acesso a informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais entre escolares da Rede Pública de Ensino / Access to information about how to prevent oral problems among school children in the public school network

O presente estudo propõe-se a identificar a prevalência do acesso a informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais entre escolares da rede pública de ensino, assim como os fatores associados a este acesso. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e analítico conduzido entre escolares de 12 anos de idade de um município brasileiro de grande porte populacional. Os exames foram realizados por 24 cirurgiões-dentistas treinados e calibrados com auxilio de 24 anotadores. A coleta de dados ocorreu em 36 escolas sorteadas das 89 escolas públicas do município. Foram conduzidas análises descritivas, univariadas e múltiplas. Dos 2510 escolares incluídos no estudo, 2211 relataram já ter recebido informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais. O acesso a tais informações foi maior entre os que utilizaram serviços odontológicos privado/convênio; e menor entre aqueles que utilizaram o serviço para tratamento, os que avaliaram o serviço como regular ou ruim/péssimo, os que utilizam como meio de higiene bucal somente escova dente/escova dente e higienização a língua e os que relataram não estarem satisfeitos com a aparência de seus dentes. Conclui-se que a maioria dos escolares teve acesso a informações sobre como evitar problemas bucais, o qual esteve associado a características dos serviços de saúde, comportamentos e desfechos de saúde.

The scope of this study is to identify the prevalence of access to information about how to prevent oral problems among schoolchildren in the public school network, as well as the factors associated with such access. This is a cross-sectional and analytical study conducted among 12-year-old schoolchildren in a Brazilian municipality with a large population. The examinations were performed by 24 trained dentists and calibrated with the aid of 24 recorders. Data collection occurred in 36 public schools selected from the 89 public schools of the city. Descriptive, univariate and multiple analyses were conducted. Of the 2510 schoolchildren included in the study, 2211 reported having received information about how to prevent oral problems. Access to such information was greater among those who used private dental services; and lower among those who used the service for treatment, who evaluated the service as regular or bad/awful. The latter use toothbrush only or toothbrush and tongue scrubbing as a means of oral hygiene and who reported not being satisfied with the appearance of their teeth. The conclusion drawn is that the majority of schoolchildren had access to information about how to prevent oral problems, though access was associated with the characteristics of health services, health behavior and outcomes.

Alfabetização em saúde bucal: uma revisão da literatura / Oral health literacy: a literature review

A necessidade da construção do conhecimento sobre alfabetização em saúde se deve aofato de as pessoas ainda terem dúvidas e dificuldades para tomar decisões relacionadas à suasaúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar o tema alfabetização em saúde, identificando os principaismodelos teóricos que o norteiam, as diferenças/aproximações entre educação para a saúdee alfabetização em saúde, bem como os grupos de pessoas vulneráveis à baixa alfabetizaçãoem saúde. Avaliou-se, ainda, essa alfabetização no âmbito da Odontologia. Foram acessadasas bases de dados Scielo/BVS/Lilacs/PubMed em português e em inglês, independente do anode publicação, utilizando as palavras-chave “Alfabetização em saúde”, “Promoção da saúde”,“Educação em saúde bucal” e “Alfabetização em saúde bucal”. Identificaram-se traduções parao português do Brasil e definições e/ou conceitos do termo “health literacy”. Foi constatada ainterferência da relação profissional da saúde/paciente na eficácia dessa alfabetização, a existênciade instrumentos para a sua mensuração (sendo um deles específico para a Odontologia).Entre os modelos teóricos, destacou-se o de Sorensen et al. (2012), o qual propõe que a alfabetizaçãoem saúde refere-se aos conhecimentos, à motivação e à competência das pessoas paraacessar, compreender, avaliar e aplicar informações relacionadas à saúde. Distinguiram-se comogrupos vulneráveis à baixa alfabetização em saúde as crianças, adolescentes, idosos, pessoascom necessidades especiais, minorias étnicas e os desfavorecidos. No âmbito da Odontologia,constatou-se associação da autopercepção da saúde bucal com a alfabetização em saúde bucal.A informação é essencial para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das pessoas, sendo evidente aimportância da alfabetização em saúde para a melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas e dosindicadores de saúde bucal...

The need for building knowledge on health literacy is justified by the fact that people stillhave doubts and difficulties to make decisions related to their own health. This study aimed toreview the health literacy, identifying its principal theoretical models that guide the differences/similarities between health education and health literacy, as well as to identify vulnerablegroups of people with low health literacy. The health literacy in Dentistry was also evaluated.The Scielo / BVS / Lilacs / PubMed in Portuguese and English databases were accessed, regardlessof the year of publication, using “Health literacy”, “Health promotion”, “Oral health education”and “Oral health literacy” keywords. Translations for Brazilian Portuguese language, anddefinitions and/or concepts of the term “health literacy” were identified. Interference of therelationship doctor/patient in the effectiveness of literacy, the existence of tools for its measurement(one specific for Dentistry) were found. The theoretical model proposed by Sorensenet al. (2012) presented health literacy referred to the knowledge, motivation and competenceof people to access, understand, evaluate and apply information related to health. Children,adolescents, elderly, people with special mental needs, ethnic minorities and disadvantagedwere reported as the vulnerable groups related to low health literacy. Association of oral healthself-perception with oral health literacy was also found. Information is essential for growth anddevelopment of people, and the importance of health literacy is clear to improve the quality oflife and oral health indicators...

High-power diode laser versus electrocautery surgery on human papillomavirus lesion treatment.

The use of high-power lasers has facilitated and improved human papillomavirus (HPV) treatment protocols and has also become very popular in recent years. This application has been more frequently used in hospitals, especially in gynecology. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-power diode laser to remove oral lesions caused by HPV and the consequent effects on virus load following the wound tissue healing process compared with one of the most conventional surgical techniques involving electrocautery. Surgeries were performed on 5 patients who had 2 distinct lesions caused by HPV. All patients were submitted to both electrocautery and high-power diode laser. Following a 20-day period, when the area was healed, sample material was collected through curettage for virus load quantitative analysis.Observation verified the presence of virus in all the samples; however, surgeries performed with the laser also revealed a significant reduction in virus load per cell compared with those performed with electrocautery. The ease when handling the diode laser, because of the flexibility of its fibers and precision of its energy delivery system, provides high-accuracy surgery, which facilitates the treatment of large and/or multifocal lesions. The use of high-power diode laser is more effective in treatment protocols of lesions caused by HPV.

Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to porphyrin-mediated photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy: an in vitro study.

The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to develop multidrug resistance is well documented, and the antibiotic resistance showed by an increasing number of bacteria has shown the need for alternative therapies to treat infections, photodynamic therapy (PDT) being a potential candidate. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of photodynamic therapy as a light-based bactericidal modality to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus. The study investigated a technique based on a combination of light and a photosensitizer that is capable of producing oxidative species to induce a cytotoxic effect. A Staphylococcus aureus suspension was exposed to a light emitting diode (LED) emitting at 628 nm, 14.6 mW/cm(2), and energy density of 20 J/cm(2), 40 J/cm(2), or 60 J/cm(2) in the presence of different porphyrin concentrations (Photogem). Three drug concentrations were employed: 12 microl/ml, 25 microl/ml, and 50 microl/ml. The treatment response was evaluated by the number of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) after light exposure. The results indicated that exposure to 60 J/cm(2) eliminated 100% (10 log(10) scales) of bacteria, on average. The best PDT response rate to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus was achieved with exposure to LED light in combination with the photosensitizer at concentrations ranging from 25 microl/ml to 50 microl/ml. These data suggest that PDT has the potential to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus in suspension and indicates the necessary drug concentration and light fluency.

Dental students’ overall knowledge regarding oral antiseptics / Conhecimento geral de estudantes de odontologia a respeito de antissépticos bucais

O objetivo deste estudo observacional transversal foi avaliar o conhecimento de estudantes de Odontologia a respeito de antissépticos bucais. De um total de 93 estudantes elegíveis, 80 (média de idade 22,3 anos; 66,2% mulheres) participaram respondendo a um questionário estruturado de perguntas fechadas sobre antissépticos bucais. Estudantes do 5o e 8o semestres participaram do estudo respondendo ao questionário em sala de aula durante um dia regular de aulas. Os antissépticos avaliados foram clorexidina, óleos essenciais, cloreto de cetilpiridíneo e triclosan por serem dominantes no mercado brasileiro e possuírem maior número de artigos científicos disponíveis na literatura. 46,2% dos estudantes responderam que raramente indicam ou indicariam antissépticos a um paciente com gengivite, sem diferença significativa entre os semestres. Cerca de 85% dos estudantes consideraram clorexidina o agente com maior substantividade, sendo que houve maior variabilidade nas respostas dos alunos do 5o comparados aos do 8o semestre (Qui-quadrado p=0,02). Todos os alunos consideraram clorexidina o agente padrão-ouro para prescrição após cirurgias bucais. Triclosan foi considerado por 62,8% dos estudantes como o antisséptico com maior benefício clínico, todavia, mais de um quarto dos estudantes não soube responder qual o agente mais benéfico. Mas 62,5% dos estudantes não souberam responder qual a prescrição correta de óleos essenciais. Pode-se concluir que existiu alta variabilidade no conhecimento de estudantes de odontologia sobre ntissépticos bucais

The aim of the present cross-sectional observational study was to evaluate the knowledge of dental students regarding oral antiseptics. From a total of 93 students, 80 (mean age 22.3 years; 66.2% women) participated in thestudy by answering to a structured questionnaire with closed questions regarding oral antiseptics. Students from the 5th and 8th semesters participated by answering the questionnaire into the class room in an ordinary class day. Evaluated antiseptics were chlorhexidine, essential oils, cetylpyridine chloride and triclosan, since these agents dominate the Brazilian market and have the highest number of published scientific papers in the literature. 46.2% of the students answered that they rarely indicate an oral antiseptic for a patient with gingivitis, whit no significant difference between semesters. Approximately 85% considered chlorhexidine the agent with the largest substantivity, and a higher variability of answers was observed in the 5th compared to the 8th semester (Chi-square p=0.02). All students considered chlorhexidine the gold-standard agent to be prescribed after oral surgery. Triclosan was considered by 62.8% of students as the antiseptic with the largest clinical benefit, although more than one fourth of them did not know to answer. 62.5% of the students did not know the correct posology of essential oils. It can be concluded from the present study that dental students present high variability regarding the knowledge about oral antiseptics.

Diode laser effect on enamel microhardness after dental bleaching associated with fluoride.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of diode laser irradiation on human dental enamel treated by bleaching and acidulated phosphate fluoride gels (APF) according to microhardness analysis. BACKGROUND DATA: The high interest of patients for aesthetics in cosmetic dentistry has led to new bleaching materials and the development of new techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty embedded, flattened human third molar enamel fragments were randomly assigned to three groups (n=20). Group 1 received topical application of 1.23% APF photoactivated using a diode laser. Group 2 received three applications of 35% hydrogen peroxide for 5 min and was photoactivated with laser for 30 s in each application. Group 3 treated the same as group 2 plus a 1.23% APF application for 1 min after bleaching followed by 30 s of laser irradiation. Microhardness analyses were performed before and after all the treatments. RESULTS: Analysis of variance followed by Tukey and Student statistical t-tests (p<0.05) showed significantly higher microhardness values for group 1 after treatment. No significant differences were shown before and after treatments for groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSION: No change was observed in enamel microhardness after treatment with hydrogen peroxide gel photoactivated using diode laser with or without APF. There was an increase in microhardness when enamel was treated only with APF photoactivated using a laser.

Color differences of canines and incisors in a comparative long-term clinical trial of three bleaching systems.

This study was a long-term clinical trial of home and in-office LED and laser bleaching systems comparing for the first time interdental color differences (differences between the central labial surfaces of the canine and the central incisor). A total of 90 patients were divided into three groups of 30 each. One group received day guard vital bleaching, and the other two groups received one bleaching session for 20 min accelerated by a diode laser for 30 s per tooth or a blue LED for 3 min per tooth, and both groups received additionally day guard for 7 days. A total of four color measurements were carried out during the study period of 3 months and 3 weeks. The group treated with the LED tended to show the highest degree of equalization of lightness, chroma and hue. A significantly stronger overall increase in lightness was observed for canines after treatment when compared with incisors resulting in more homogeneous lightness values.

Estudo in vivo sobre a influência das diferentes técnicas de clareamento na cor dental / In vivo study of the influence of different bleaching techniques on tooth color

Este estudo compara a efetividade do clareamento caseiro, associado ou não ao clareamento de consultório, com aceleração por LED ou por LASER. Participaram da pesquisa 92 pacientes distribuídos em três grupos: grupo A, uma sessão em consultório (LED) + clareamento caseiro (uma semana); grupo B, uma sessão em consultório (diodo LASER 808nm) + clareamento caseiro (uma semana); e grupo C: clareamento caseiro (duas semanas). Quatro medidas de cor foram realizadas com um espectrofotômetro portátil: 1) inicial; 2) imediatamente após a sessão em consultório (somente grupos A e B); 3) após pausa para retorno da cor (sete dias); e 4) pós-operatório de três meses. Os resultados revelam aumento no importante fator luminosidade L* nas medidas de cor 2, 3 e 4, em comparação com a medida 1 (inicial), para todos os grupos (variações ?L* entre as medidas para grupo A: med4 – med1= 2,3577; grupo B: med4 – med1= 1,6541; grupo C: med4 – med1= 3,6063). Na medida 3, esse aumento ocorreu para todos os grupos e não houve diferença estatística entre eles. Entretanto, após três meses, a manutenção dos resultados foi melhor para o grupo C, clareamento caseiro.

Efeito do laser Nd: YAG no selamento de fóssulas e fissuras: estudo in vivo / Nd: YAG laser effect on pit and fissures sealing: an in vivo study

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de avaliar o comportamento clínico do laser Nd:YAG em comparação ao de um selante com carga, durante o período de 12 meses, observando; a pigmentação do sulco, incidência de cárie e fratura ou perda do selante. Foram selecionados 62 primeiros e segundos premolares hígidos de pacientes na faixa etária de 12 a 15 anos, de uma escola da rede pública de São José dos Campos. Nos 31 primeiros premolares foi aplicado o laser Nd:YAG, Pulse Máster 600 IQ em toda a extensão do sulco oclusal por 30 segundos utilizando 60 mJ, 10 HZ, 0,6W. Nos 31 segundos premolares foi realizado o selamento dos sulcos oclusais com o selante Fluorshield. Após 6 meses observou-se que dos casos selados com Fluorshield 19,35% apresentaram perda e/ou fratura do selante e em 16,66% os sulcos apresentaram cárie incipiente. Já nos casos em que foi aplicado o laser Nd:YAG 6,45% apresentaram início de lesão de cárie. Com 12 meses de avaliação tanto com selante Fluorshield como com o laser Nd:YAG observou-se o aparecimento de sulcos pigmentados em 12, 90% dos casos e uma incidência de 9,67% de lesões incipientes de cárie. Utilizando-se o selante Fluorshield houve queda do material em 25,80% e fratura em 3,22% dos casos. Concluímos que após 12 meses de avaliação o laser Nd:YAG e o selante Fluorshield apresentaram comportamento clínico semelhante, diante das mesmas condições bucais, sendo que a porcentagem de aparecimento de lesão inicial de cárie foi igual para os dois métodos de prevenção utilizados.

Dental bleaching efficacy with diode laser and LED irradiation: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Bleaching techniques achieved significant advances with the use of coherent or incoherent radiation sources to activate the bleaching agents. This in vitro study compares the whitening efficacy of LED and diode laser irradiation using the two agents Opalescence X-tra and HP Whiteness. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 bovine incisors were randomly divided into six groups, three for each bleaching agent, receiving only agent, agent and LED (wavelength 470 nm), agent and 1.6 W diode laser (808 nm). The results of the irradiations were characterized using the CIEL*a*b* system. RESULTS: Significant differences in the chroma value are obtained for the two whitening agents and for the different light sources. In terms of lightness, the association of Laser and Whiteness HP bleaching gel showed significantly better results than when the same agent was used alone or in combination with LED. CONCLUSIONS: Best overall results are obtained with the Whiteness HP and Laser association.

O clareamento dental e o laser / Tooth bleaching and the laser

A estética na odontologia está cada vez mais em evidência. Os pacientes estão mais exigentes com relação à estética das restaurações. O desejo por "dentes mais brancos" está motivando a procura de profissionais para a realização do clareamento dental

Estudo comparativo entre adesivos com e sem primer: diferentes tratamentos de dentina / Comparative study of dentin adhesives with and without primer and with different dentin treatments

A finalidade desta pesquisa foi avaliar a efetividade de dois adesivos (ARMD sem primer e Prisma Bond 3 com primer) nos selamento de restauraçöes em cavidades de Classe II, MOD, com parede gengival em cemento e, ainda, com e sem o pré-tratamento da dentina, utilizando a soluçäo de ácido maléico a 25 por cento. Após a realizaçäo das restauraçöes, os dentes foram avaliados quanto à intensidade de uniäo à estrutura dental por infiltraçäo marginal, pela penetraçäo do corante Rodamina, durante a ciclagem térmica. Pelos resultados obtidos verificamos que o pré-tratamento da dentina com a soluçäo de ácido maléico pouco melhorou a eficiência do adesivo em diminuir a infiltraçäo marginal, näo apresentando diferença estatisticamente significante. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos nos grupos que receberam adesivos com primer, nos quais a infiltraçäo marginal foi estatisticamente nula