Cost-effectiveness of a European ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction network: results from the Catalan Codi Infart network.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) network of Catalonia (Codi Infart). DESIGN: Cost-utility analysis. SETTING: The analysis was from the Catalonian Autonomous Community in Spain, with a population of about 7.5 million people. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with STEMI treated within the autonomous community of Catalonia (Spain) included in the IAM CAT II-IV and Codi Infart registries. OUTCOME MEASURES: Costs included hospitalisation, procedures and additional personnel and were obtained according to the reperfusion strategy. Clinical outcomes were defined as 30-day avoided mortality and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), before (N=356) and after network implementation (N=2140). RESULTS: A substitution effect and a technology effect were observed; aggregate costs increased by 2.6%. The substitution effect resulted from increased use of primary coronary angioplasty, a relatively expensive procedure and a decrease in fibrinolysis. Primary coronary angioplasty increased from 31% to 89% with the network, and fibrinolysis decreased from 37% to 3%. Rescue coronary angioplasty declined from 11% to 4%, and no reperfusion from 21% to 4%. The technological effect was related to improvements in the percutaneous coronary intervention procedure that increased efficiency, reducing the average length of the hospital stay. Mean costs per patient decreased from €8306 to €7874 for patients with primary coronary angioplasty. Clinical outcomes in patients treated with primary coronary angioplasty did not change significantly, although 30-day mortality decreased from 7.5% to 5.6%. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio resulted in an extra cost of €4355 per life saved (30-day mortality) and €495 per QALY. Below a cost threshold of €30,000, results were sensitive to variations in costs and outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The Catalan STEMI network (Codi Infart) is cost-efficient. Further studies are needed in geopolitical different scenarios.

Integrated care services: lessons learned from the deployment of the NEXES project.

OBJECTIVES: To identify barriers to deployment of four articulated Integrated Care Services supported by Information Technologies in three European sites. The four services covered the entire spectrum of severity of illness. The project targeted chronic patients with obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiac failure and/or type II diabetes mellitus. SETTING: One health care sector in Spain (Barcelona) (n = 11.382); six municipalities in Norway (Trondheim) (n = 450); and one hospital in Greece (Athens) (n = 388). METHOD: The four services were: (i) Home-based long-term maintenance of rehabilitation effects (n = 337); (ii) Enhanced Care for frail patients, n = 1340); (iii) Home Hospitalization and Early Discharge (n = 2404); and Support for remote diagnosis (forced spirometry testing) in primary care (Support) (n = 8139). Both randomized controlled trials and pragmatic study designs were combined. Two technological approaches were compared. The Model for Assessment of Telemedicine applications was adopted. RESULTS: The project demonstrated: (i) Sustainability of training effects over time in chronic patients with obstructive pulmonary disease (p < 0.01); (ii) Enhanced care and fewer hospitalizations in chronic respiratory patients (p < 0.05); (iii) Reduced in-hospital days for all types of patients (p < 0.001) in Home Hospitalization/Early Discharge; and (iv) Increased quality of testing (p < 0.01) for patients with respiratory symptoms in Support, with marked differences among sites. CONCLUSIONS: The four integrated care services showed high potential to enhance health outcomes with cost-containment. Change management, technological approach and legal issues were major factors modulating the success of the deployment. The project generated a business plan to foster service sustainability and health innovation. Deployment strategies require site-specific adaptations.

Sistemas de pago a prestadores de servicios de salud en paises de America Latina y de la OCDE / Payment systems for health services providers in countries of Latin America and of the OECD

Ademas de ser uno de los componentes mas importantes de las relaciones contractuales entre los agentes de los sistemas de salud, el sistema de pago a prestadores es relevante para algunos de los principales criterios de valoracion de un sistema de salud, como la eficiencia y la calidad. En este articulo tratamos de proporcionar un marco analitico sencillo para comprender la naturaleza de los distintos sistemas de pago, que ilustramos con una revision de las formulas de pago utilizadas en dos grupos de países: 10 de la Organizacion de Cooperacion y Desarrollo Economico (OCDE) y cuatro de America Latina cuyas experiencias consideramos representativas. Primero presentamos un modelo basico para caracterizar las diferentes formas de pago, basado en dos dimensiones: la unidad de pago y la distribucion de riesgos financieros entre el que vende y el que compra. Cada sistema de pago tiene ventajas e inconvenientes que deben evaluarse en funcion de los objetivos que se pretenda alcanzar. En un extremo tenemos la remuneracion fija, que representa el pago prospectivo mas puro, sin ajustes, como el pago capitativo, en el que los prestadores soportan todo el riesgo financiero derivado de la variabilidad de costos. En el otro extremo se situa el pago retrospectivo o por acto, con el que el riesgo incurrido por los prestadores es nulo y es el financiador quien soporta todo el riesgo derivado de la variabilidad de costos. Como suele ocurrir, los extremos no parecen optimos y la cuestion consiste en escoger un sistema de remuneracion intermedio. Para ello, es necesario seleccionar, por una parte, la unidad de pago optima segun los objetivos del financiador y, por otra, una distribucion de riesgos que atribuya al prestador los riesgos derivados del mayor o menor grado de eficiencia que consiga en la prestacion de los servicios

Sistemas de pago a prestadores de servicios de salud en paises de America Latina y de la OCDE / Payment systems for health services providers in countries of Latin America and of the OECD

Ademas de ser uno de los componentes mas importantes de las relaciones contractuales entre los agentes de los sistemas de salud, el sistema de pago a prestadores es relevante para algunos de los principales criterios de valoracion de un sistema de salud, como la eficiencia y la calidad. En este articulo tratamos de proporcionar un marco analitico sencillo para comprender la naturaleza de los distintos sistemas de pago, que ilustramos con una revision de las formulas de pago utilizadas en dos grupos de países: 10 de la Organizacion de Cooperacion y Desarrollo Economico (OCDE) y cuatro de America Latina cuyas experiencias consideramos representativas. Primero presentamos un modelo basico para caracterizar las diferentes formas de pago, basado en dos dimensiones: la unidad de pago y la distribucion de riesgos financieros entre el que vende y el que compra. Cada sistema de pago tiene ventajas e inconvenientes que deben evaluarse en funcion de los objetivos que se pretenda alcanzar. En un extremo tenemos la remuneracion fija, que representa el pago prospectivo mas puro, sin ajustes, como el pago capitativo, en el que los prestadores soportan todo el riesgo financiero derivado de la variabilidad de costos. En el otro extremo se situa el pago retrospectivo o por acto, con el que el riesgo incurrido por los prestadores es nulo y es el financiador quien soporta todo el riesgo derivado de la variabilidad de costos. Como suele ocurrir, los extremos no parecen optimos y la cuestion consiste en escoger un sistema de remuneracion intermedio. Para ello, es necesario seleccionar, por una parte, la unidad de pago optima segun los objetivos del financiador y, por otra, una distribucion de riesgos que atribuya al prestador los riesgos derivados del mayor o menor grado de eficiencia que consiga en la prestacion de los servicios

The system used to pay health services providers is one of the most important components of the contractual relationship between persons who receive health services and the individual practitioners and institutions that provide those services. That payment system is also relevant in assessing a health system, including its efficiency and quality. In this article we present a simple analytical framework for various payment systems. We also provide an overview of the payment approaches used in two groups of countries whose experiences we consider representative: 10 nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and four countries of Latin America. We present a basic model to characterize the different forms of payment based on two dimensions. One of the dimensions is the payment "unit," which is used to measure the amount of health care services provided or promised. The other dimension is the distribution of financial risks between the service provider and the service purchaser. Each payment system has advantages and disadvantages that should be evaluated in relation to the intended objectives. On one extreme of the approaches is fixed remuneration, without any adjustments; it represents the purest prepayment approach. One example of fixed remuneration is capitated payment, in which providers carry all the financial risks coming from the variability in the cost of providing services. On the other extreme is fee-for-service payment, where service providers are not at financial risk; the insurer or other financing institution carries all the risk from variable costs. Neither of the extremes appears to be the best choice, and so the issue becomes one of selecting a remuneration system that falls between those extremes. Therefore, it is necessary to choose, on the one hand, the optimal payment unit according to the objectives of the financing entity and, on the other hand, a risk distribution approach that allocates to the service provider the risks coming from greater or less efficiency in delivering services