Cardiogenic Shock Among Patients with and without Acute Myocardial Infarction in a Latin American Country: A Single-Institution Study.

Background: Latin America has limited information about the full spectrum cardiogenic shock (CS) and its hospital outcome. This study sought to examine the temporal trends, clinical features and outcomes of patients with CS in a coronary care unit of single Mexican institution. Methods: This was a retrospective study of consecutive patients hospitalized with CS in a Mexican teaching hospital between 2006-2019. Patients were classified according to the presence or absence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Results: Of 22,747 admissions, 833 (3.7%) exhibited CS. Among patients with AMI (n = 12,438), 5% had AMI-CS, and in patients without AMI (n = 10,309), 2.3% developed CS (non-AMI-CS). Their median age was 63 years and 70.5% were men. Cardiovascular risk factors were more frequent among the AMI-CS group, whereas a history of heart failure was greater in non-AMI-CS patients (70.1%). In AMI-CS patients, the median delay time was 17.2 hours from the onset of AMI symptoms to hospital admission. Overall, the median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 30%. Patients with CS at admission showed end-organ dysfunction, evidenced by lactic acidosis, renal impairment, and elevated liver transaminases. Of the 620 AMI-CS patients, the main cause was left ventricular dysfunction in 71.3%, mechanical complications in 15.2% and right ventricular infarction in 13.5%. Among the 213 non-AMI-CS patients, valvular heart disease (49.3%) and cardiomyopathies (42.3%) were the most frequent etiologies. In-hospital all-cause mortality rates were 69.7% and 72.3% in the AMI-CS and non-AMI-CS groups, respectively. Among AMI-CS patients, renal dysfunction, diabetes, older age, depressed LVEF, absence of revascularization and the use of mechanical ventilation were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. However, in the non-AMI-CS group, only low LVEF and high lactate levels proved significant. Conclusions: This study demonstrates differences in the epidemiology of CS compared to high-income countries; the high mortality reflects critically ill patients and the lack of contemporary effective therapies in the population studied.

Utilidad diagnóstica del índice tobillo-brazo por el método palpatorio en la detección de la enfermedad arterial periférica / Diagnostic utility of the ankle-arm index by the palpatory method in the detection of peripheral arterial disease

Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad diagnóstica del índice Tobillo-Brazo por el método palpatorio comparado conel método Doppler en la detección de la enfermedad arterial periférica en pacientes hospitalizados en el Departamento de Medicina Interna del Hospital General San Juan de Dios, durante julio-agosto de 2013.Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal de concordancia, en 186 pacientes en el Departamento de Medicina Interna del Hospital General San Juan de Dios, sin diagnóstico previo de enfermedad arterial periférica. Secalculó a cada participante el índice Tobillo-Brazo por método palpatorio y luego con sonda Doppler portátilde 8 mHz. Se analizaron los datos utilizando el índice de Kappa. Resultados: Encontramos 31 pacientes positivos por ambos métodos (palpatorio y Doppler), 5 falsos positivos (solo por método palpatorio), 145negativos por ambos métodos y 6 positivos únicamente por Doppler. Se obtuvo un índice de Kappa de 0.8085el cual corresponde a una adecuada fuerza de concordancia. Conclusiones: La utilidad diagnóstica delíndice Tobillo-Brazo por método palpatorio es apropiada para el diagnóstico de enfermedad arterial periférica,con sensibilidad de 83.3% y especificidad de 96.6% y una apropiada fuerza de la concordancia determinada por el índice de Kappa.

Objective: Determine the diagnostic value of ankle-arm index by palpatory method compared to the Dopplermethod in the detection of peripheral arterial disease in patients hospitalized in the Internal Medicine Department, of Hospital General San Juan de Dios, during July-August 2013. Methods: A cross-matching, descriptive and transversal study in 186 patients at the Department of Internal Medicine, of Hospital GeneralSan Juan de Dios, previously undiagnosed peripheral arterial disease. Each participant Ankle-arm index wascalculated by palpatory method and then with portable 8 MHz Doppler probe. Data using the Kappa indexwere analyzed. Results: We found 31 patients positive by both methods (palpatory and Doppler), 5 falsepositives (just palpatory method), 145 negative by both methods and only 6 positive Doppler. Kappa index of0.8085 which corresponds to a suitable strength of agreement was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosticvalue of ankle-arm index palpatory method is suitable for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease, withsensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 96.6% and an appropriate strength of agreement determined by Kappa.