Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Hospital-Acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremic Pneumonia versus Escherichia coli Bacteremic Pneumonia: A Retrospective Comparative Study.

Objective: This research aimed to investigate the variations in clinical features and prognosis of HABP caused by E. coli and K. pneumoniae. We also aimed to evaluate the risk variables related to 30-day death in the investigated groups. Methods: A single-center retrospective cohort research lasting four years was performed. A total of 117 patients with HABP were involved in this research. The primary prognosis was 30-day death. Results: Among 117 patients with HABP, 60 patients were infected with K. pneumoniae (KP-HABP), and 57 patients were infected with E. coli (E. coli-HABP). A higher proportion of males, ICU admission, undergoing tracheotomy and trachea cannulation, carbapenem-resistant strains, inappropriate empirical therapy (IET), immune compromise, diabetes mellitus, and sepsis were observed in the patients with KP-HABP (all P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the median SOFA score and Pitt score were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the KP-HABP group compared to the E. coli-HABP group. The 30-day death was 48.33% in the KP-HABP group and 24.56% in the E. coli-HABP group (P = 0.008). After adjusting for the main covariates, the hazard ratios for 30-day mortality in KP-HABP were 1.58 (95% CI:0.80-3.12), 3.24 (95% CI:1.48-7.06), 5.67 (95% CI:2.00-16.07), and 5.99 (95% CI:2.10-17.06), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed that IET, hypoproteinaemia, cerebral vascular disease (CVD), and SOFA score ≥ 5.0 were the independent risk variables for 30-day death in KP-HABP. Simultaneously, SOFA score ≥ 4.0 and Pitt score ≥ 2.0 were independent risk factors for 30-day mortality in E. coli-HABP. Conclusion: The clinical features of HABP vary depending on whether it is caused by Escherichia coli or K. pneumoniae. KP-HABP patients have higher 30-day mortality than E. coli-HABP patients. To ensure greater validity, it is necessary to further verify this conclusion using a larger sample size.

Early Lactate/Albumin and Procalcitonin/Albumin Ratios as Predictors of 28-Day Mortality in ICU-Admitted Sepsis Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND Lactate/albumin (LA/ALB) and procalcitonin/albumin (PCT/ALB) ratios have been implicated in predicting mortality in sepsis patients. However, their prognostic value and relationship to sepsis severity require further investigation. This retrospective study aimed to assess the prognostic value of lactate/albumin (LA/ALB) and procalcitonin/albumin (PCT/ALB) ratios in septic patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 340 adult sepsis patients admitted to the ICU were included in the derivation cohort. LA/ALB and PCT/ALB ratios were calculated and analyzed in relation to sepsis severity and survival status. Additionally, a validation cohort of 75 sepsis patients from another medical center was selected. RESULTS In the derivation cohort, higher LA/ALB and PCT/ALB ratios and SOFA scores were significantly associated with increased mortality (P<0.001). The LA/ALB and PCT/ALB ratios positively correlated with SOFA score. Survival analysis revealed significantly higher 28-day mortality in sepsis patients with elevated PCT/ALB (≥0.256) and LA/ALB (≥0.079) ratios upon ICU admission. The constructed prediction model incorporating LA/ALB ratio, PCT/ALB ratio, and SOFA score yielded an AUC of 0.826, demonstrating good predictive ability. The associations between LA/ALB and PCT/ALB ratios and 28-day mortality in sepsis patients were validated in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS The LA/ALB and PCT/ALB ratios at ICU admission provide valuable prognostic information for predicting 28-day mortality in sepsis patients. Combining these ratios with SOFA score improves the assessment of prognosis in sepsis patients.

Rapid Identification of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Combined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

Background: Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae is an unprecedented threat to public health, and its detection remains challenging. Analysis of microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may offer a rapid way to determine bacterial antibiotic susceptibility. Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the VOCs released by carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) using headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Methods: Test bacteria were incubated in trypticase soy broth to the end of exponential growth phase, and imipenem was added in the middle time. Headspace VOCs were concentrated and analyzed using HS-SPME/GC-MS. Results: The compound 3-methyl-1-butanol was found to be a biomarker among the 26 bacterial isolates (10 KPC-positive, 10 NDM-positive, 2 IMP-positive, 2 carbapenemase-negative CRKP, and 2 carbapenem-susceptible K. pneumonoiae). Conclusion: This study explored a promising new strategy for the screening of carbapenemase-producing CRKP strains. Further research with larger sample sizes will potentially accelerate the application of biomarkers in routine microbiology.

Assessment of Effective Antimicrobial Regimens and Mortality-Related Risk Factors for Bloodstream Infections Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the clinical features, risk factors, and effective antimicrobial therapy for Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) bloodstream infection (BSI). Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of data from patients with CRAB bacteremia in a Chinese tertiary hospital between January 2012 and October 2021. Risk factors, predictors of 30-day mortality, and effective antimicrobial therapy for CRAB BSI were identified using logistic and cox regression analyses. Results: Data from 276 patients with Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) BSI were included, of whom 157 (56.9%) had CRAB BSI. The risk factors that were significantly associated with CRAB BSI included previous intensive care unit (ICU) stay (P < 0.001), immunocompromised status (P < 0.001), cephalosporin use (P = 0.014), and fluoroquinolone use (P = 0.007). The 30-day mortality of the CRAB BSI group was 49.7% (78/157). ICU stay after BSI (P = 0.047), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score ≥10 (P < 0.001), and multiple organ failure (MOF) (P = 0.037) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality. Among antibiotic strategies for the treatment of patients with CRAB BSI, we found that definitive regimens containing cefoperazone/sulbactam were superior to those without cefoperazone/sulbactam in reducing the 30-day mortality rate (25.4% vs 53.4%, P = 0.005). After propensity score matching, we observed a significant increase in the 30-day mortality (77.8%vs 33.3%, P = 0.036) in patients receiving tigecycline monotherapy compared to those receiving cefoperazone/sulbactam monotherapy. The mortality rate of patients receiving tigecycline with cefoperazone/sulbactam was also higher than that of patients receiving cefoperazone-sulbactam monotherapy; however, the difference was not significant (28.6%vs 19.0%, P = 0.375). Conclusion: The severity of patient conditions was significantly associated with mortality in patients with CRAB BSI. Those Patients treated with cefoperazone/sulbactam had better clinical prognoses, and tigecycline should be used with caution.

Ceftazidime/Avibactam, Polymyxin or Tigecycline as a Rescue Strategy for the Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Bloodstream Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors of patients treated with ceftazidime/avibactam, polymyxin, or tigecycline (CPT) compared with those receiving a conventional therapy (CT) (ie, imipenem, levofloxacin, or gentamicin). Methods: A single-center retrospective cohort study included patients with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection (CRKP-BSI) treated at one Chinese tertiary hospital between March 2012 and November 2022 was performed. Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and risk factors of patients treated with CPT or CT were compared. Predictors of 30-day mortality of patients with CRKP-BSI were also analysed in our study. Results: Among 184 recruited patients with CRKP-BSI, 39.7% (73/184) were treated with CPT, while 60.3% (111/184) were treated with CT. Compared to patients treated with CT, patients treated with CPT had worse conditions, as evidenced by a higher rate of underlying diseases and invasive procedures; however, they also had a better prognosis and lower rates of 14-day treatment failure (p = 0.024). In addition, univariate analysis and multivariate analysis showed that SOFA score [odds ratio (OR) = 1.310, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.157-1.483; p < 0.001] and cold weather (OR = 3.658, 95% CI 1.474-9.081; p = 0.005) were independent risk factors for 30-day mortality. Conclusion: Compared to CRKP-BSI patients treated with CT, patients treated with CPT had worse conditions but better prognoses. CRKP-BSI occurred more frequently in hot weather; however, higher 30-day mortality was associated with cold weather. A randomized trial is needed to confirm these observational results.

Aquapteridospora jiangxiensis, a new aquatic hyphomycetous fungus from a freshwater habitat in China.

During an investigation of freshwater fungi in Jiangxi province, China, a new hyphomycetous fungus, Aquapteridospora jiangxiensis, was collected and isolated. Aquapteridospora jiangxiensis is characterized by its unbranched and guttulate conidiophores with multi-septa swollen at the base, polyblastic conidiogenous cells with sympodial proliferations, and denticles, and guttulate conidia with a sheath. A photo plate of the macro- and micro-morphology and a muti-loci (ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF1 and RPB2) phylogenetic tree are provided. A key to the species of Aquapteridospora is also presented in this paper.

Comparison of Molecular Characteristics Between Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates by Whole-Genome Sequencing.

Introduction: The transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) are great public health concern worldwide. To better understand S. aureus evolution and dissemination, we compared the molecular features of MSSA and MRSA isolates. Methods: In this study, 74 MSSA and 102 MRSA non-duplicate isolates were recovered from clinical samples between 2016 and 2020. Molecular epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance determinants, and virulence gene profiles were carried out by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results: Twenty distinct sequence types were identified in MRSA isolates, with the most common being ST59, ST630, and ST338. The major genotypes of MSSA were ST188 and ST7. The toxin genes clfA, sek, and seq were significantly associated with MRSA, while splA/B, clfB, map, sdrC/D, and sem-sen-seo-seu were detected more frequently in MSSA isolates than MRSA (P < 0.05). The tst positive isolates were more commonly identified in CC1 and CC72, whereas lukE/D was mainly found in the CC7, CC15, CC88, and completely absent in CC59 clones. Conclusion: Our results compared the genetic diversity between MRSA and MSSA strains, suggesting efforts to fight infections caused by MSSA need to be intensified due to MSSA isolates carrying wide range of virulence factors. Comparative epidemiological studies of large populations of MSSA and MRSA will be necessary in the future to understand how MSSA and MRSA populations may co-evolve and interact in the future.

Transcriptional characteristics associated with lichenysin biosynthesis in Bacillus licheniformis from Chinese Maotai-flavor liquor making.

This work investigated the biosynthetic mechanism of lichenysin, the newly identified nonvolatile matrix component in Chinese liquors. Transcriptomes were analyzed in three producers, Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 3961, 3962, and 3963, which were isolated from Maotai-flavor liquor-making process and produced 386.3, 553.5, and 795.2 µg/L lichenysin in a simulative liquor fermentation process. Lichenysin synthetase genes lchAA-AD in these three producers were expressed much more highly than those of the nonproducer B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 (>18.4-fold). In addition, ABC transporters were the most significant responsive metabolic pathway, and the expression levels of peptide transporter genes dppABCDE all increased more than 19.2-fold. When B. licheniformis CGMCC 3963 was cultured in synthetic medium, the expression of dppABCDE and lichenysin both increased with the addition of casein hydrolysate (containing various peptides). This indicated that peptide would act as a substrate for lichenysin synthesis. This work sheds new light on the mechanism for lichenysin biosynthesis.

Genome Sequence of Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC3963, a Stress-Resistant Strain Isolated in a Chinese Traditional Solid-State Liquor-Making Process.

Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC3963 is an important mao-tai flavor-producing strain. It was isolated from the starter (Daqu) of a Chinese mao-tai-flavor liquor fermentation process with solid-state fermentation. We report its genome of 4,525,096 bp here. Many potential insertion genes that are responsible for the unique properties of B. licheniformis CGMCC3963 in mao-tai-flavor liquor production were identified.