Causas de mortalidad por enfermedades puerperales en Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) durante el siglo XIX / Mortality caused by postpartum diseases in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) during the 19th century

Resumen Introducción. Las causas de mortalidad por enfermedades puerperales halladas en Jerez de los Caballeros durante el siglo XIX han sido agrupadas según la clasificación de Bertillon. Objetivo. Estudiar las causas de mortalidad por enfermedades del estado puerperal en Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) en el siglo XIX. Materiales y métodos. Se consultaron los libros de defunción y se reunieron 26 203 muertes; para el análisis se utilizaron los 18 538 registros en los que constaba la causa de fallecimiento y se excluyeron los 7 665 restantes. Resultados. Se encontraron 168 de casos de muerte en estado puerperal, en las cuales el sobreparto y la fiebre fueron las causas de fallecimiento más frecuentes. El año con más muertes fue 1875 con 7 muertes, la franja de edad de 25-34 años arrojó mayor mortalidad con 77 defunciones (45.9%) y los meses de mayor mortalidad fueron agosto y noviembre con 22 difuntas (13.1%) cada uno. Conclusiones. El sobreparto fue la causa más frecuente de defunción en estado puerperal con un 35.1% de las muertes. La fiebre en esta etapa alcanzó las cifras más elevadas en la última década del siglo XIX, lo cual quizá se debe a errores de diagnóstico o de interpretación.

Abstract Introduction: The causes of death related to puerperal diseases in Jerez de los Caballeros during the 19th century have been categorized according to the Bertillon classification. Objective: To study the causes of death by puerperal diseases in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) in the 19th century. Materials and methods: Death books were consulted and 26 203 deaths were recorded. In total, 18 538 records reporting the cause of death were used for the analysis, while the remaining 7 665 were excluded. Results: Death in the puerperal period was confirmed in 168 cases, and the most common causes of death were postpartum complications and puerperal fever. The year with the highest number of deaths was 1875 with 7 deaths. The highest mortality rate was found in the 25-34 years age group with 77 deaths (45.9%). The months with the highest mortality rates are August and November with 22 deaths (13.1%). Conclusions: Postpartum complications was the most common cause of death with 35.1%. In Jerez, puerperal fever reached its highest levels in the last decade of the 19th century, probably due to misdiagnosis or misinterpretation.

Health-Related Quality of Life and Fatigue After Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that fatigue and cognitive impairment may be present after transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke, but little is known about consequences in daily life. The main aim was to explore the presence of fatigue, cognitive impairment, and consequences in daily life after minor stroke-TIA. METHODS: Patients (n = 92) were consecutively recruited from the Stroke Unit and were assessed within 2 weeks of hospital admission for first-ever and 3 months later. Control participants (n = 89) were recruited from the same population as the patients. Measures included the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and The European Quality of Life index (EQ-5D-5L). RESULTS: The prevalence of substantial fatigue was 65.2% (confidence interval [CI] 95%: 54.6%-74.8%) and extreme fatigue was 20.7% (CI 95%: 12.9%-30.4%) in minor stroke-TIA patients. The prevalence of substantial fatigue in controls was 23.5% (CI95%: 15.0%-34.0%) and extreme fatigue was 4.5% (CI 95%: 1.8%-11.0%). The mean (SD) score on the MoCA was 24.1 (3.2) for the patients group and 27.3 (2.4) for controls (P < .001). FAS showed the strongest negative correlation score with the EQ-5D-5L index (r = -0.480; P < .0001), higher levels of mental and physical fatigue are associated with lower EQ-5D-5L index (r = -0.376; P < .001 and r = -0.497; P <.001, respectively). The correlations between the FAS and the MoCA measures were no significant. MoCA was not significantly correlated with EQ-5D-5L. CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue was a very common symptom in TIA/minor stroke patients. The fatigue had a significant impact on the health-related quality of life construct in its entirety, even after accounting for the influence of several factors.

A multifactorial study on duration of temporary disabilities in Spain.

The extreme variability of temporary disability duration has a deep effect in public health. We tried to understand what factors duration of disability depends on. Through cohort study with data of temporary disabilities collected by Ibermutuamur from 2008 to 2012, we used statistical multivariate methods. The most reliable and convenient algorithm to predict duration was a categorical classification tree that distinguished between brief and long disabilities, taking into account both medical-biological and socioeconomic factors. The influence of socioeconomic factors in the disability process made numeric predictive models not accurate enough. Some of these socioeconomic factors were isolated and their influences were quantified. In particular, the one we named factor unemployment could explain a huge increase in duration for certain common diagnoses such as anxiety, low back pain, headache, and depression.

Causas de mortalidad por enfermedades reumáticas en Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz) durante el siglo xix / Causes of mortality due to rheumatic diseases in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz) during the 19th century

Se han recopilado 26.203 defunciones en Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz) durante el siglo xix, agrupándolas según la clasificación de Bertillon, para estudiar las causas de muerte por enfermedades reumáticas, mediante el análisis de los Libros de Defunción del Archivo Parroquial y legajos del Archivo Municipal. Se halla un total de 31 fallecidos, siendo el segmento entre 65-74 años el que presenta las mayores cifras. La escasez de registros puede ser debida a la inexactitud de los diagnósticos. El mes con mayor mortalidad es septiembre (AU)

A total of 26,203 of the deaths in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz) during the 19th century were collected and grouped according to the Bertillon's Classification, in order to study the causes of death from rheumatic diseases. An analysis was made using the Death Registers, those located in the Parish Archives, and files of the Municipal Archives. There were a total of 31 deaths due to rheumatic diseases, with the 65-74 years age group being most frequent. The lack of records may be due to the inaccuracy of the diagnoses. September was the month of increased mortality (AU)

Los veterinarios titulares de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) durante el siglo XIX / Professional veterinarians in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) during the 19th century / Os veterinários titulares de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Espanha) durante o século XIX

Los veterinarios recibieron diferentes denominaciones a lo largo del siglo XIX en España: albéitares, herradores, castradores, mariscales, etc., y no fueron reconocidos laboral y socialmente hasta el siglo XX. En 1850 se les ceden responsabilidades sanitario-zootécnicas, aunque muchos siguieron practicando el herrado. Con la creación de las escuelas de veterinaria, se plantan las bases de la veterinaria moderna en España, lo cual le da trascendencia en la salud pública, sobre todo en figuras como el subdelegado veterinario y el inspector de carnes, al entender las repercusiones que las enfermedades que sufren los animales tienen en la población que consume sus carnes. Mediante el estudio del Archivo Histórico de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) se ha podido analizar cómo vivieron y trabajaron los profesionales de la veterinaria en la población durante el siglo XIX. Se observa cómo se asentaban o marchaban de la ciudad, cómo atendían las epidemias que sufrían los animales para el consumo humano y cómo sufrían las dificultades económicas de la época y del Ayuntamiento. La destrucción y pérdida de parte del Archivo dificulta la obtención de más datos.

Veterinarians had different names throughout the 19th century in Spain: veterinary surgeons, farriers, castrators, marshals, etc., and they were not professionally and socially recognized until the 20th century. In 1850 they were given sanitary and zootechnical responsibilities, although many of them continued practicing horse shodding. With the creation of veterinary schools, the foundations of modern veterinary medicine were established in Spain; this has a special importance for public health issues, especially regarding figures like deputy veterinary and meat inspector, as they tried to understand the impact of animal diseases on the population who consumed animal meat. Studies in the Historical Archives of Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) made it possible to analyze how veterinary professionals lived and worked there during the 19th century, how they settled in or left the city, how they treated epidemics in animals for human consumption, and how they suffered the economic difficulties of the period and the City. The destruction and loss of part of the Archives makes it difficult to obtain more data.

Os veterinários receberam diferentes denominações ao longo do século XIX na Espanha: veterinários, ferradores, castradores, mariscais, etc., e não foram reconhecidos laboral e socialmente até o século XX. Em 1850 foram-lhes cedidas responsabilidades sanitário-zootécnicas, ainda que muitos tenham continuado praticando o ferrageamento. Com a criação das escolas de veterinária, se planta as bases da veterinária moderna na Espanha, o que dá transcendência na saúde pública, principalmente em figuras como o subdelegado veterinário e o inspetor de carnes, ao entender as repercussões que as doenças sofridas pelos animais têm na população que consume suas carnes. Através do estudo do Arquivo Histórico de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Espanha) foi possível analisar como viveram e trabalharam os profissionais da veterinária na população durante o século XIX. Observa-se como se assentavam ou deixavam a cidade, como atendiam as epidemias que os animais para o consumo humano sofriam e como sofriam as dificuldades econômicas da época e da Prefeitura. A destruição e perda de parte do Arquivo dificulta a obtenção de mais dados.

Causes of mortality due to rheumatic diseases in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz) during the 19th century.

A total of 26,203 of the deaths in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz) during the 19th century were collected and grouped according to the Bertillon's Classification, in order to study the causes of death from rheumatic diseases. An analysis was made using the Death Registers, those located in the Parish Archives, and files of the Municipal Archives. There were a total of 31 deaths due to rheumatic diseases, with the 65-74 years age group being most frequent. The lack of records may be due to the inaccuracy of the diagnoses. September was the month of increased mortality.

Los farmacéuticos en Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) durante el siglo XIX / Pharmacists from Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) in 19th century

La Farmacia durante el siglo XIX era una profesión separada de la Medicina, dedicada fundamentalmente a la preparación, conservación y dispensación de medicamentos. Mediante el análisis delos documentos existentes en el Archivo Histórico de la ciudad de Jerez de los Caballeros, se siguió el devenir de los boticarios y farmacéuticos de ese siglo, así como las vicisitudes y problemas que enfrentaron para su asentamiento en la localidad, mediante la presentación de sus títulos ante el Ayuntamiento, y para la apertura de sus respectivas oficinas de farmacia. Se pudo conocer que entre sus obligaciones estuvo el suministro de medicamentos a los enfermos pobres, al hospital, a los presos ya los pacientes militares. El Subdelegado de Farmacia fue el encargado de realizar inspecciones y evitar el intrusismo. Las viudas e hijos menores de los farmacéuticos fallecidos tuvieron el derecho de continuar con la farmacia abierta, siempre que la regentase un boticario autorizado(AU)

Pharmacy was a profession separated from medicine, mainly devoted to preparation, storage and sale of drugs. By analyzing the Historical Files of the city of Jerez de los Caballeros, we studied the evolution of the druggists and pharmacists throughout the 19th century, their misfortunes and problems that faced to settle down in the town when presenting their titles to the Town Hall, and to open their retail pharmacies. Among their duties were the supply of medicines to poor patients, the Hospital, prisoners and military patients. The figure of subdelegate of Pharmacy was given the task of supervision and of avoiding intrusism. The widows and children of deceased pharmacists could continue with the pharmacy, provided that an authorized apothecary agreed to manage it(AU)

Knowledge of stroke a study from a sex perspective.

BACKGROUND: Public health is increasingly concerned with recognising factors that lead to sex differences in stroke. We conducted a study to determine the effect of sex on knowledge of stroke risk factors and warning signs, and how both are perceived, in a representative sample of adults. METHODS: A representative sample of the population of Extremadura, Spain was selected using a double randomisation technique. Previously trained medical students carried out face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: 2409 subjects were interviewed [59.9 % women; mean age (SD) 49.0 (18.7) years]. Seventy-three percent of all subjects reported at least one correct warning sign of stroke (OR: 1.01; 95 % CI: 0.84-1.21). The most frequently mentioned warning signs were sudden weakness, dizziness, and headache. There were no sex differences regarding the types of warning symptoms that respondents listed. Women displayed better knowledge of risk factors than men (OR: 1.23; 95 % CI: 1.05-1.46). Women were more likely to name hypertension as a risk factor for stroke whereas men more frequently listed smoking, alcohol consumption and a sedentary lifestyle as risk factors. In response to stroke, women were significantly less likely than men to choose to call an ambulance or to go immediately to hospital (OR: 0.69; 95 % CI: 0.60-0.85). CONCLUSIONS: Stroke knowledge is suboptimal in both men and women. We detected better knowledge of stroke risk factors in women, as well as differences in the type of risk factors listed by men and women. There were significant sex differences regarding response to stroke or to its warning signs.

Causas de mortalidad a consecuencia de la vejez en Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) en el siglo XIX / Causes of mortality as a result of old age in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) in the 19th century

Antecedentes. Según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades de Bertillon de 1899, se han reunido las causas de defunción ocasionadas por la vejez en Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) durante el siglo XIX. Objetivo. Estudiar las causas de mortalidad a consecuencia de la vejez en Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) durante el siglo XIX. Materiales y métodos. Se han recopilado un total de 26.203 defunciones, de las cuales 7.665 no tienen constancia de la causa del fallecimiento. Para ello, se han estudiado los Libros de Defunciones del Archivo Parroquial y legajos del Archivo Histórico. Resultados. El primer difunto registrado aparece el 28 de junio de 1808. Las tasas brutas de mortalidad específica promedian un 0.3%. El término vejez fue cambiado a lo largo de los años, sobre todo al aumentar la esperanza de vida, pero la condición de marginado social del anciano continuó. Conclusión. Las enfermedades relacionadas con el envejecimiento causaron 204 defunciones, el 1.1% del total de la mortalidad de la población durante el siglo XIX, correspondiendo a la decimosegunda causa de mortalidad en la población. La mayor mortalidad se da entre los 75 y 84 años con 85 defunciones (41.7%). Las mujeres presentan las cifras más elevadas: 128 fallecimientos (62.7%). Enero es el mes con más óbitos.

Background. We have compiled the causes of age-related decease in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) during the 19th century, following Bertillon's International Classification of Diseases of 1899. Objective. To study the causes of mortality due to old age in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) during the 19th century. Materials and methods. A total of 26.203 deceases has been found. For 7.665 of these no cause of death is recorded. We have consulted the Books of the Death, located in the Parish Archives, and files of the Historical Archives. Results. The first decease appears on 28th June, 1808. Gross specific mortality rates are 0.3% on average. The application of the term old age changed with the passing of time, especially with the increase of life expectancy, but the elderly remain an object of social marginalization. Conclusion. Age-related diseases caused 204 deceases-1.1% of the total for the period under research-being the twelfth most frequent cause of death in the population. The highest mortality rate occurs between the ages of 75 and 84 with 85 deceases (41.7%). Females have a higher mortality rate than males (128 deceases, 62.7%). January is the month with most deceases.

Stroke Awareness Is Worse among the Old and Poorly Educated: A Population-Based Survey.

BACKGROUND: This article surveys a representative sample of adults to assess their knowledge of stroke, its vascular risk factors and warning symptoms, illness perception, and attitude toward strokes. METHODS: A representative sample of the region population was selected using a double randomization design. Previously trained medical students carried out face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire with open- and closed-ended questions. RESULTS: In all, 2411 subjects were interviewed. Seventy-three percent reported at least 1 correct warning sign of stroke, whereas only 12.2% reported 3. The most frequently mentioned were sudden weakness, dizziness, and headache. Only 59.2% named at least 1 correct risk factor for stroke. Smoking and hypertension were mainly named. Forty percent of the respondents demonstrated adequate knowledge of stroke. Tellingly, prevalence of adequate knowledge was significantly lower in subjects with previous stroke (29.3% [95% confidence interval {CI}, 19.7-40.3], P = .049), hypertension (35.0% [95% CI, 31.1-39.1], P = .009), diabetes (31.9% [95% CI, 25.9-38.3], P = .011), hypercholesterolemia (35.8% [95% CI, 31.8-39.9], P = .03), and obesity (28.2% [95% CI, 23.8-33.0], P < .001). Illness perception was generally correct. In the final logistic regression model, younger age, urban area of residence, higher educational level, higher family income, normal pressure, normal weight, and family history of stroke were associated with adequate knowledge of stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Basic knowledge of stroke is insufficient among the general population of Extremadura. There is a discrepancy between theoretical stroke knowledge and illness perception. These findings have implications for public health initiatives for stroke.

Francisco Ramírez Vas: prensa y filosofía médicas en el tercer cuarto del siglo XIX / Francisco Ramírez Vas: Press and medical philosophy in the third quarter of the 19th century

Pretendemos rescatar del olvido a una de las firmas habituales en la prensa médica española del tercer cuarto del siglo XIX. Médico polifacético, de ideas filantrópicas, pionero del periodismo médico extremeño, higienista convencido, y reputado colaborador de diversas publicaciones nacionales. Cimentó su prestigio en una concepción moderna de la medicina, en la claridad a la hora de exponer sus principios y en la aplicación de los mismos en su trabajo diario. Buena parte de su filosofía médica quedó reflejada en la prensa médica y en la correspondencia que mantuvo con los profesionales que en ella escribían (AU)

Through present work we try to rescue of the forgetfulness to one of the habitual companies inpresses medical Spanish to him of the third quarter of century XIX. Versatile doctor, of philanthropics ideas, pioneer of the frontier, hygienist medical convinced, and reputed collaborating of diverse national publications. It laid the foundations its prestige in a modern conception of the medicine, in the clarity to the hour to expose its principles and in the application of such in its dailywork. Good it divides its philosophy medical was reflected in the medical press and the correspondence that maintained with the professionals who in her wrote (AU)

Uso medicinal de Atractylis gummifera en Guadiana del Caudillo (Badajoz, España), toxicidad y especies afines / Medicinal use of Atractylis gummifera L. in Guadiana del Caudillo (Badajoz, Spain): toxici- ty and related species

Un estudio etnomédico llevado a cabo en Guadiana del Caudillo, pueblo de colonización de Badajoz, detectó el uso de la planta Atractylis gummifera L. que entre los años 1983 y 1984 provocó graves intoxicaciones en esta provincia. Dicha especie vegetal fue confundida con Centaurea ornata Willd., una planta de morfología similar, carente de toxicidad, de la cual se utiliza popularmente la decocción de la raíz y el rizoma para el tratamiento de afecciones gástricas.En el presente trabajo se analizan las especies que pueden ser confundidas con Atractylis gummiferapor parte de los usuarios de la medicina popular de dicha localidad. Igualmente se realiza una estimación del riesgo de confusión y la consiguiente posibilidad de intoxicaciones, en el área de estudio. Se presentan también las actividades programadas para contribuir a la planificación de la salud pública y a la asistencia médica en la zona (AU)

A study on Ethnomedicine in Guadiana del Caudillo, a colonization village located in the province of Badajoz, Spain, registerered the use of Atractylis gummifera L., which in the years 1983 and 1984 caused serious poisoning in the province. This plant species was confused with Centaurea ornata Willd., a similar non-toxic plant, the root and rhizome of which are used as infusion or decoction as a popular remedy against gastric disorders. In this paper we analyze the species that users of folk medicine in this locality could confuse with the mentioned toxic plant. It also provides an estimate on the potential risk of poisoning in the studied area. Finnally, the paper also aims to contribute to the planning of public health and medical care actions in the area (AU)