The 5 Objects Test: Normative data from a Spanish community sample.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to provide normative data for the 5 Objects Test in a large Spanish community sample, as well as some validity evidence. METHODS: The sample was composed of 427 participants (of which 220 females, age 15 to 95 years old; educational level range: 2-17 years). Normative data are provided, as well as correlations with test scores from Benton Visual Retention test, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure and Mini Mental State Examination. RESULTS: No association was found between delayed recall score and level of education, age or gender. Immediate recall score was correlated with age. Both immediate and delayed recall significantly correlated with the criteria, evidencing concurrent validity. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended that the 5 Objects Test be used for assessing persons in primary care, including those from different linguistic backgrounds or with limited language use. Delayed recall scores are especially recommended given the lack of association with demographic variables.

Contrasting Two Verbal Fluency Scoring Systems Using the Rasch Rating Scale Model / Comparación de Dos Sistemas de Puntuación de la Fluidez Verbal Mediante el Modelo de Escalas de Calificación

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar dos sistemas de puntuación para un test de fluidez verbal con el Modelo de Escalas de Calificación. Método: Se analizaron datos de 289 participantes, de los cuales 92 habían sido diagnosticados con Parkinson. Las puntuaciones se calcularon con dos sistemas de categorización: un procedimiento convencional y otro basado en percentiles. Resultados: Las puntuaciones Rasch procedentes de percentiles dan lugar a categorías adecuadas y medidas fiables; la correlación con las puntuaciones del test Minimental es evidencia de validez concurrente. Tras controlar estadísticamente el efecto de la edad, las medidas Rasch procedentes de percentiles discriminan entre ambos grupos, lo que evidencia validez predictiva. Conclusiones: El análisis de los dos procedimientos permite recomendar el uso de las categorías basadas en percentiles.

Abstract Objective: Two scoring systems for a verbal fluency test were compared using the Rasch Rating Scale Model. Method: The analysis was carried out on 289 participants, 92 of whom had had a Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Scores were calculated with two different category systems: a conventional procedure and a percentile-based one. Results: The percentile-based Rasch scores produce adequate categories and reliable measures, while the correlation with the Mini Mental State Examination evinces concurrent validity. After statistically controlling for age, percentile-based Rasch measures discriminated between both groups, demonstrating predictive validity. Conclusions: The analysis of the two procedures allows for the recommendation of the use of percentile-based categories.

Neuropsychological performance in patients with asymptomatic HIV-1 infection.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) lead to neurocognitive disorders; however, there is still much knowledge to be gained regarding HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. The purpose of this study was to assess the cognitive performance, instrumental activities of daily living, depression, and anxiety in patients with asymptomatic HIV-1 infections compared with seronegative participants without neurocognitive impairment. We studied a sample consisted of 60 patients with asymptomatic HIV-1 infections and 60 seronegative participants without neurocognitive impairment from the city of Barranquilla, Colombia, with a mean age of 36.07 years. A protocol of neuropsychological and psychopathological tests was applied to the participants. The group of patients with asymptomatic HIV infections significantly underperformed on tasks that assessed global cognitive screening, attention span, learning, phonemic verbal fluency, auditory-verbal comprehension, information processing speed, cognitive flexibility, and motor skills compared to the group of seronegative participants. No significant differences were found in memory, visual confrontation naming, vocabulary, inhibition, and instrumental activities of daily living. Additionally, the patients with asymptomatic HIV-1 infection had a higher anxiety index than the seronegative participants, but no significant difference was found in depression. A correlation was found between depression and anxiety. In conclusion, the patients with asymptomatic HIV-1 infection had lower cognitive performances than the seronegative participants in the cognitive functions mentioned above and more anxiety but still performed the instrumental activities of daily living.

Fluencia de acciones en personas mayores / Action fluency tasks in Spanish subjects over 65 years old

La fluencia de acciones está considerada como una medida del funcionamiento ejecutivo de gran utilidad como indicador de rendimientos frontales, en diferentes poblaciones clínicas. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar y analizar los rendimientos en tareas de fluencia de acciones, teniendo en cuenta factores como el sexo, la edad y el nivel educacional, con la finalidad de poder establecer valores normativos para estas tareas. La muestra está compuesta por 200 sujetos normales españoles, de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 65 y 95 años y de diferentes niveles educacionales, a los cuales se les realizó una evaluación neuropsicológica. Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto que la edad y el nivel educacional están relacionados con los rendimientos obtenidos en tareas de fluencia de acciones. El sexo no influye en la capacidad de evocar palabras que designan una acción (verbos)

Action fluency is considered a very useful tool to measure the executive function indicating frontal performances in different clinical populations. The object of this project is to study and analyze the performance on action fluency tasks, taking into account gender, age, and educational level, in order to obtain normative values for the tasks. The sample consisted of 200 normal Spanish subjects, of both sexes, between 65 and 95 years of age and different educational levels, to which they was realized an assessment neuropsychological. Our results show that age and educational level are correlated with performances in action fluency tasks. Gender does not affect in the ability to evoke words which designate an action (i.e. verbs)