Isolation, culture, and immunostaining of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes.

Isolation and culture of ventricular cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats (NRVMs) is a powerful model to study neonatal cardiac development, cell cycle regulation, and cardiac physiology and pathology in vitro. Here, we present our modified enzymatic digestion protocol followed by two-step discontinuous Percoll gradient centrifugation to isolate a high yield of viable ventricular cardiomyocytes from neonatal rats. Finally, here we describe an immunostaining protocol for cytosolic and nuclear staining of NRVMs. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Pereira et al. (2020).

Hydrocephalus and arthrogryposis in an immunocompetent mouse model of ZIKA teratogeny: A developmental study.

The teratogenic mechanisms triggered by ZIKV are still obscure due to the lack of a suitable animal model. Here we present a mouse model of developmental disruption induced by ZIKV hematogenic infection. The model utilizes immunocompetent animals from wild-type FVB/NJ and C57BL/6J strains, providing a better analogy to the human condition than approaches involving immunodeficient, genetically modified animals, or direct ZIKV injection into the brain. When injected via the jugular vein into the blood of pregnant females harboring conceptuses from early gastrulation to organogenesis stages, akin to the human second and fifth week of pregnancy, ZIKV infects maternal tissues, placentas and embryos/fetuses. Early exposure to ZIKV at developmental day 5 (second week in humans) produced complex manifestations of anterior and posterior dysraphia and hydrocephalus, as well as severe malformations and delayed development in 10.5 days post-coitum (dpc) embryos. Exposure to the virus at 7.5-9.5 dpc induces intra-amniotic hemorrhage, widespread edema, and vascular rarefaction, often prominent in the cephalic region. At these stages, most affected embryos/fetuses displayed gross malformations and/or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), rather than isolated microcephaly. Disrupted conceptuses failed to achieve normal developmental landmarks and died in utero. Importantly, this is the only model so far to display dysraphia and hydrocephalus, the harbinger of microcephaly in humans, as well as arthrogryposis, a set of abnormal joint postures observed in the human setting. Late exposure to ZIKV at 12.5 dpc failed to produce noticeable malformations. We have thus characterized a developmental window of opportunity for ZIKV-induced teratogenesis encompassing early gastrulation, neurulation and early organogenesis stages. This should not, however, be interpreted as evidence for any safe developmental windows for ZIKV exposure. Late developmental abnormalities correlated with damage to the placenta, particularly to the labyrinthine layer, suggesting that circulatory changes are integral to the altered phenotypes.

FAK Forms a Complex with MEF2 to Couple Biomechanical Signaling to Transcription in Cardiomyocytes.

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has emerged as a mediator of mechanotransduction in cardiomyocytes, regulating gene expression during hypertrophic remodeling. However, how FAK signaling is relayed onward to the nucleus is unclear. Here, we show that FAK interacts with and regulates myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), a master cardiac transcriptional regulator. In cardiomyocytes exposed to biomechanical stimulation, FAK accumulates in the nucleus, binds to and upregulates the transcriptional activity of MEF2 through an interaction with the FAK focal adhesion targeting (FAT) domain. In the crystal structure (2.9 Å resolution), FAT binds to a stably folded groove in the MEF2 dimer, known to interact with regulatory cofactors. FAK cooperates with MEF2 to enhance the expression of Jun in cardiomyocytes, an important component of hypertrophic response to mechanical stress. These findings underscore a connection between the mechanotransduction involving FAK and transcriptional regulation by MEF2, with potential relevance to the pathogenesis of cardiac disease.

Avaliação molecular e fenotípica da superexpressão e do silenciamento de MEF2C em miócitos cardíacos / Phenotypic and molecular evaluation of overexpression and silencing of MEF2C in cardiac myocytes

Os fatores MEF2 (Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2) pertencem à família MADS Box (MCM1-Agamous-Deficiens-Serum response factor) e foram descritos pela primeira vez como fatores de transcrição que se ligam a sequencias de DNA ricas em A/T nos promotores de vários genes músculo específicos. Existem 4 genes da família MEF2 que foram identificados em vertebrados: MEF2A, B, C e D que são expressos de forma distinta durante a embriogênese e nos tecidos adultos. Estudos anteriores do nosso laboratório demonstraram que o fator de transcrição MEF2 é ativado por estiramento mecânico e influencia a expressão de genes relacionados à hipertrofia cardíaca. Utilizando a tecnologia de siRNA para MEF2C (siRNAMEF2C) demonstramos a atenuação da hipertrofia cardíaca induzida por coarctação da aorta nos animais que receberam o siRNAMEF2C. Por outro lado trabalhos demonstraram que animais transgênicos com a superexpressão de MEF2A ou de MEF2C e submetidos à sobrecarga de pressão por coarctação da aorta, não apresentam hipertrofia cardíaca compensatória. Nesses animais a superexpressão de MEF2A ou de MEF2C no coração está associada à deterioração cardíaca funcional e estrutural e o desenvolvimento de cardiomiopatia dilatada. Contudo, a caracterização fenotípica e os mecanismos moleculares envolvidos na superexpressão de MEF2C em miócitos cardíacos ainda são desconhecidos. Da mesma forma não é conhecido o papel do fator de transcrição MEF2C na resposta hipertrófica do miócito cardíaco após coarctação da aorta. No presente trabalho foi demonstrado que a superexpressão de MEF2C em miócitos cardíacos de ratos neonatos (NRMV), com o uso de partículas adenovirais, induziu a desdiferenciação celular e a ativação de mecanismos envolvidos na progressão do ciclo celular. Esses resultados foram obtidos por meio de experimentos de microarranjo de DNA, proteoma, PCR em tempo real e western blotting...

The factors MEF2 (myocyte enhancer factor 2) belong to the family MADS box (MCM1-Agamous-deficiens-Serum response factor) and were first described as transcription factors that bind DNA sequences rich in A / T in the promoters of multiple muscle-specific genes. There are four MEF2 family genes that were identified in vertebrates MEF2A, B, C and D are expressed differently during embryogenesis and in adult tissues. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that the transcription factor MEF2 is activated by mechanical stretch and influences the expression of genes related to cardiac hypertrophy. Using siRNA technology to MEF2C (siRNAMEF2C) demonstrated attenuation of cardiac hypertrophy induced by aortic coarctation in animals that received siRNAMEF2C. On the other hand studies have demonstrated that transgenic mice with overexpression of MEF2A or MEF2C and subjected to pressure overload by aortic coarctation show no compensatory cardiac hypertrophy. In these animals the overexpression of MEF2A or MEF2C in the heart is associated with structural and functional cardiac deterioration and development of dilated cardiomyopathy. However, the phenotypic and molecular mechanisms involved in the overexpression of MEF2C in cardiac myocytes are still unknown. Likewise, there is known the role of the transcription factor MEF2C in cardiac myocyte hypertrophic response after aortic coarctation. In the present study it was shown that overexpression of MEF2C in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRMV) with the use of adenoviral particles, and cellular dedifferentiation induced activation mechanisms involved in cell cycle progression. These results were obtained by DNA microarray experiments, proteomics, real time PCR and western blotting...

Effect of treatment on mononuclear cell migration in cervical cancer patients.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Our aim was to evaluate the effect of treatment on the in vitro migration of circulating mononuclear cells in cervical cancer patients at different stages. METHODS: We prospectively investigated 24 patients with cervical neoplasia, without prior treatment, submitted to surgery or chemotherapy as therapeutic conduct. Controls were healthy volunteer women (n = 23). Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral venous blood before and after treatment, and their migration capacity was evaluated in a microchemotaxis chamber assay towards the chemotactic stimuli fMLP, MCP-1 and RANTES, compared to basal migration. Serum levels of nitric oxide metabolites were assayed by the Griess reaction. RESULTS: Increased mononuclear cell migration in response to the chemotactic stimuli, compared to basal migration, was observed in controls and patients, without differences between them. After treatment (n = 14), mononuclear cell migration in response to MCP-1 and RANTES was increased compared to pre-treatment. Serum levels of nitric oxide metabolites were more elevated in patients (n = 19) than in controls (n = 17), but decreased after treatment (n = 15). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the production of soluble circulating factors by tumor cells could interfere with the functional activity of blood mononuclear cells.