RESUMO
Emerging non-Western studies indicate new patterns in the functionality of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) warranting further investigation in different cultures. The current study aims to investigate the function (etiology and underlying mechanism) of NSSI among a sample of university students in Tehran, Iran, using the Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury (ISAS). The ISAS was administered to 63 students who self-injured (52.4% female; Mage = 22.15). An exploratory factor analysis using the Bayesian estimation method was conducted. A three-factor model of NSSI functions emerged including an intrapersonal factor representing within-self functions (e.g., self-punishment); a social identification factor consisting of functions establishing a sense of self/identity (e.g., peer bonding); and a communication factor representing an influencing/communicating functionality (e.g., marking distress). Intrapersonal and social identification factors were associated with greater severity of NSSI method and increased anxiety. Findings support the use of the ISAS among an Iranian sample and revealed additional patterns beyond the commonly referenced two-factor model (intrapersonal and interpersonal functions) in a culturally novel sample. The results are situated within the sample's sociocultural context.
RESUMO
Resilience has generally been understood as positive coping and adaptation despite stress and adversity and as a buffer against stress. Researchers examining resilience have typically focused on children's psychological resilience because of the well-established impact of stress on children's mental health. However, although it has also been well-established that high levels of stress can impact children's physical health, their physical health has received little attention in resilience research. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Articles were selected for review if they (1) had a variable that was in some way a measure of physical health in response to a psychosocial stressor; (2) had participants who were children or adolescents within the age range of 4-18years; and (3) were a peer-reviewed, empirical study. SAMPLE: Two random-effect meta-analyses were conducted with a sample of 12,772 participants across 14 studies to determine the influence of protective and vulnerability factors on children's physical health in adverse experiences. RESULTS: Protective factors had a moderate effect and vulnerability factors had a small-moderate effect on health measures across domains of physiological, sleep behavior, and overall health. The type of health measure moderated the effect size for vulnerability factors, but not for protective factors. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that protective factors may be associated with an environment that encourages children to thrive, as apparent by their physical health. IMPLICATIONS: The results of this review and meta-analysis can be used to guide the methodological design of future studies on childhood resilience and to inform clinical practice with children and adolescents.
