CO2 Cystoscopy for Evaluation of Ureteral Patency.

Gynecologic surgery is associated with various perioperative complications, especially urinary tract injuries. Intraoperative cystoscopy plays an important role in allowing assessment of the bladder to ensure the absence of injuries. Verification of the urinary jets from the ureters is a fundamental step that is not always easy to accomplish. Dyes are frequently used, but these are not always available and are associated with adverse effects. The present study aimed to demonstrate the use of CO2 as a medium for distension during cystoscopy. A total of 47 patients underwent CO2 cystoscopy after laparoscopic hysterectomy (n = 26) or bladder endometriosis nodule resection (n = 21). In all patients, the ureteral jets were readily identified, leaving no doubt as to their patency. The median interval between the onset of cystoscopy and the view of jetting from both ureteral ostia was 145 seconds (range, 80-300 seconds). All cystoscopies were normal, and no patient had any signs of accidental urinary tract injury in the follow-up period. Two patients experienced mild urinary tract infection. This cystoscopy technique using CO2 is fast, easy, safe, and efficient. We recommend bladder distension with CO2 as a reasonable alternative technique when cystoscopy is required during gynecologic procedures.

How to Use CA-125 More Effectively in the Diagnosis of Deep Endometriosis.

Deep infiltrative endometriosis (DIE) is a severe form of the disease. The median time interval from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis of endometriosis is around 8 years. In this prospective study patients were divided into two groups: cases (34 DIE patients) and control (20 tubal ligation patients). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of CA-125 measurement in the menstrual and midcycle phases of the cycle, as well as the difference in its levels between the two phases, for the early diagnosis of DIE. Area Under the Curve (AUC) of CA-125 in menstrual phase and of the difference between menstrual and midcycle phases had the best performance (both with AUC = 0.96), followed by CA-125 in the midcycle (AUC = 0.89). The ratio between menstrual and midcycle phases had the worst performance. CA-125 may be useful for the diagnosis of deep endometriosis, especially when both are collected during menstruation and in midcycle. These may help to decrease the long interval until the definitive diagnosis of DIE. Multicentric studies with larger samples should be performed to better evaluate the cost-effectiveness of measuring CA-125 in two different phases of the menstrual cycle.

Bowel complications in endometriosis surgery.

Endometriosis surgery by laparoscopy or laparotomy can be associated with various types of intestinal complications that may occur in the immediate postoperative period or later. They include bowel anastomotic dehiscence, rectovaginal fistula, anastomotic bleeding, intra-abdominal infections, wound infections, bowel stricture, intestinal obstruction, chronic constipation, and diarrhea. There is growing evidence that bowel injuries can be repaired by primary closure in two layers even without previous bowel preparation. Surgical treatments of deep bowel endometriosis include conservative surgery (including shaving technique or discoid resection) or a more radical approach such as bowel resection that is associated with increased complications. Good perfusion and no tension at the anastomosis site are essential when segmental resection is performed. Early recognition of bowel complications during surgery or in the immediate postoperative period is fundamental to decreased morbidity and mortality. This chapter will deal with the prevention of bowel complication in minimally invasive surgery for endometriosis.