Relationship among vaginal palpation, vaginal squeeze pressure, electromyographic and ultrasonographic variables of female pelvic floor muscles.

BACKGROUND: The proper evaluation of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) is essential for choosing the correct treatment. Currently, there is no gold standard for the assessment of female PFM function. OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between vaginal palpation, vaginal squeeze pressure, and electromyographic and ultrasonographic variables of the female PFM. METHOD: This cross-sectional study evaluated 80 women between 18 and 35 years of age who were nulliparous and had no pelvic floor dysfunction. PFM function was assessed based on digital palpation, vaginal squeeze pressure, electromyographic activity, bilateral diameter of the bulbocavernosus muscles and the amount of bladder neck movement during voluntary PFM contraction using transperineal bi-dimensional ultrasound. The Pearson correlation was used for statistical analysis (p<0.05). RESULTS: There was a strong positive correlation between PFM function and PFM contraction pressure (0.90). In addition, there was a moderate positive correlation between these two variables and PFM electromyographic activity (0.59 and 0.63, respectively) and movement of the bladder neck in relation to the pubic symphysis (0.51 and 0.60, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that there was a correlation between vaginal palpation, vaginal squeeze pressure, and electromyographic and ultrasonographic variables of the PFM in nulliparous women. The strong correlation between digital palpation and PFM contraction pressure indicated that perineometry could easily be replaced by PFM digital palpation in the absence of equipment.

Relationship among vaginal palpation, vaginal squeeze pressure, electromyographic and ultrasonographic variables of female pelvic floor muscles / Correlação entre palpação digital, pressão de contração, atividade eletromiográfica e variáveis ultrassonográficas da musculatura do assoalho pélvico feminino

Background: The proper evaluation of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) is essential for choosing the correct treatment. Currently, there is no gold standard for the assessment of female PFM function. Objective: To determine the correlation between vaginal palpation, vaginal squeeze pressure, and electromyographic and ultrasonographic variables of the female PFM. Method: This cross-sectional study evaluated 80 women between 18 and 35 years of age who were nulliparous and had no pelvic floor dysfunction. PFM function was assessed based on digital palpation, vaginal squeeze pressure, electromyographic activity, bilateral diameter of the bulbocavernosus muscles and the amount of bladder neck movement during voluntary PFM contraction using transperineal bi-dimensional ultrasound. The Pearson correlation was used for statistical analysis (p<0.05). Results: There was a strong positive correlation between PFM function and PFM contraction pressure (0.90). In addition, there was a moderate positive correlation between these two variables and PFM electromyographic activity (0.59 and 0.63, respectively) and movement of the bladder neck in relation to the pubic symphysis (0.51 and 0.60, respectively). Conclusions: This study showed that there was a correlation between vaginal palpation, vaginal squeeze pressure, and electromyographic and ultrasonographic variables of the PFM in nulliparous women. The strong correlation between digital palpation and PFM contraction pressure indicated that perineometry could easily be replaced by PFM digital palpation in the absence of equipment. .

Contextualização: A avaliação adequada da musculatura do assoalho pélvico (MAP) é essencial para o delineamento do tratamento correto. No entanto, atualmente não existe um método de avaliação dessa região que seja considerado como padrão-ouro. Objetivo: Verificar a correlação entre a palpação digital, a pressão de contração, a atividade eletromiográfica e as variáveis ultrassonográficas da MAP. Método: Neste estudo transversal, foram avaliadas 80 mulheres com idades entre 18 e 35 anos, nulíparas e sem relatos de disfunção de assoalho pélvico. Foram avaliados a função muscular por meio da palpação digital, a pressão de contração, a atividade eletromiográfica, o diâmetro bilateral do músculo bulbocavernoso e o deslocamento do colo vesical em relação à sínfise púbica por meio da ultrassonografia bidimensional. Para a análise estatística, foi realizada a Correlação de Pearson (p<0,05). Resultados: Observou-se uma correlação positiva forte entre a função e a pressão de contração da MAP (0,90). Observou-se também uma correlação positiva moderada entre essas duas variáveis e a atividade eletromiográfica da MAP (0,59 and 0,63, respectivamente), bem como entre o deslocamento do colo vesical e a sínfise púbica (0.51 e 0.60, respectivamente). Conclusões: Os achados deste estudo permitem concluir que existe correlação entre as variáveis ultrassonográficas e a função muscular, a pressão de contração e a atividade eletromiográfica da MAP em mulheres jovens nulíparas. A correlação forte existente entre a palpação digital e a pressão de contração ...

Profile of the elderly in physical therapy and its relation to functional disability / Perfil do idoso na fisioterapia e sua relação com a incapacidade funcional

BACKGROUND: As the population ages, changes occur in the epidemiological profile towards the current predominance of chronic degenerative diseases which, when untreated, lead to loss of functional capacity and require long-term assistance. OBJECTIVES: To describe the profile of the elderly attending the geriatric physical therapy service and to identify factors associated with functional disability. METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive analytical study was conducted. The medical records of elderly individuals were analyzed using the first physical therapy assessment, which included sociodemographic, clinical and mobility data. To determine the degree of disability (mild/moderate), the Brazilian Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire (BOMFAQ) was used. Descriptive analysis and univariate logistic regression were performed, followed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The sample comprised 130 elderly patients with a mean age of 73.3 [standar deviation (SD)=7.2] years-old, predominantly female (63.9%), sedentary (71.5%) and presenting three to four diseases (47.7%). The mean of activities with difficulty in the BOMFAQ was 6.7 (SD=4.8), 35 (26.9%) individuals presented mild disability and 95 (73.1%) moderate. The participant characteristic that presented a greatest risk of disability was self-reporting of poor health (OR=12.4). The factors identified, which together can determine functional decline, were sedentary lifestyle, presence of dizziness, polypharmacy and high pain intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly individuals attended by the geriatric physical therapy service showed a profile associated with disability, characterized by potentially modifiable factors. This profile also reinforces the demand for long-term care for this population.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: Com o envelhecimento populacional, houve alterações no perfil epidemiológico, com o predomínio atual das doenças crônico-degenerativas que, quando não tratadas, levam à perda da capacidade funcional e exigem assistência de longo prazo. OBJETIVOS: Descrever o perfil do idoso atendido no serviço de fisioterapia geriátrica e identificar fatores associados à incapacidade funcional. MÉTODO: Foi realizado estudo transversal descritivo analítico. Os prontuários dos idosos foram analisados por meio da primeira avaliação fisioterapêutica, que incluiu dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e de mobilidade. Para determinar o grau de deficiência (leve/ moderada), foi aplicado o Brazilian Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire (BOMFAQ). A análise descritiva e a regressão logística univariada foram realizadas, seguidas de regressão logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por 130 pacientes idosos, com mais de 73,3±7,2 anos de idade, predominantemente do sexo feminino (63,9%), sedentários (71,5%) e apresentando de três a quatro doenças (47,7%). A média de atividades com dificuldade no BOMFAQ foi de 6,7±4,8; 35 (26,9%) indivíduos apresentaram incapacidade leve e 95 (73,1%), moderada. A característica que apresentou maior risco de incapacidade foi o autorrelato de saúde ruim (OR=12,4). Os fatores identificados, que juntos podem determinar o declínio funcional, foram sedentarismo, presença de tontura, polifarmácia e alta intensidade da dor. CONCLUSÕES: Os idosos atendidos pelo serviço de fisioterapia geriátrica mostraram um perfil associado com deficiência, caracterizada por fatores potencialmente modificáveis. Esse perfil também reforça a demanda por cuidados de longa duração para essa população.

Profile of the elderly in physical therapy and its relation to functional disability.

BACKGROUND: As the population ages, changes occur in the epidemiological profile towards the current predominance of chronic degenerative diseases which, when untreated, lead to loss of functional capacity and require long-term assistance. OBJECTIVES: To describe the profile of the elderly attending the geriatric physical therapy service and to identify factors associated with functional disability. METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive analytical study was conducted. The medical records of elderly individuals were analyzed using the first physical therapy assessment, which included sociodemographic, clinical and mobility data. To determine the degree of disability (mild/moderate), the Brazilian Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire (BOMFAQ) was used. Descriptive analysis and univariate logistic regression were performed, followed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: The sample comprised 130 elderly patients with a mean age of 73.3 [standar deviation (SD)=7.2] years-old, predominantly female (63.9%), sedentary (71.5%) and presenting three to four diseases (47.7%). The mean of activities with difficulty in the BOMFAQ was 6.7 (SD=4.8), 35 (26.9%) individuals presented mild disability and 95 (73.1%) moderate. The participant characteristic that presented a greatest risk of disability was self-reporting of poor health (OR=12.4). The factors identified, which together can determine functional decline, were sedentary lifestyle, presence of dizziness, polypharmacy and high pain intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly individuals attended by the geriatric physical therapy service showed a profile associated with disability, characterized by potentially modifiable factors. This profile also reinforces the demand for long-term care for this population.

Effects of physical therapy in older women with urinary incontinence: a systematic review / Efeitos do tratamento fisioterapêutico em mulheres idosas com incontinência urinária: uma revisão sistemática

BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence (UI) is one of the most common public health problems among older women. Despite conservative treatment being recommended as the first treatment option, the effects of physical therapy in older women with UI is unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically review the evidence about the effects of physical therapy on urinary symptoms in older women with UI. METHOD: The literature search for studies evaluating conservative treatment for incontinent in elderly women was conducted on Pubmed/Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, ISI Web of Knowledge and PEDro. We selected clinical trials published in English and Portuguese after the year 2000. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. The results were analyzed using a critical review method. RESULTS: Six studies were reviewed in full revealing that pelvic floor muscle training was the treatment option in most studies. Five of the six selected studies were classified as having high methodological quality. There was significant improvement in urinary symptoms after treatment in five of the six selected studies. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that physical therapy treatment seems to be effective to decrease urinary incontinence symptoms in older women. However, the small number of studies and the use of concurrent interventions limit the conclusions on this issue.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A incontinência urinária (IU) é um dos mais comuns problemas de saúde pública entre as mulheres idosas. Apesar de o tratamento conservador ser recomendado como a primeira opção de tratamento, os efeitos do tratamento fisioterapêutico em mulheres idosas com IU não está esclarecido. OBJECTIVO: Sistematizar as evidências científicas sobre os efeitos do tratamento fisioterapêutico sobre os sintomas miccionais de mulheres idosas com IU. MÉTODO: A busca de publicações sobre os efeitos de modalidades de tratamento fisioterapêutico em mulheres idosas com IU foi realizada nas bases de dados ISI Web of Knowlegde, Medline/Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo e PEDro. Foram selecionados ensaios clínicos publicados nas línguas inglesa e portuguesa após o ano de 2000. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada pela Escala PEDro, e a análise dos resultados dos estudos foi realizada por meio de revisão crítica dos conteúdos. RESULTADOS: Seis estudos foram revisados na íntegra, revelando-se que os exercícios de fortalecimento da musculatura do assoalho pélvico foram o tratamento de escolha na maioria dos estudos. Cinco dos seis estudos selecionados foram classificados como de alta qualidade metodológica. Houve melhora significativa dos sintomas miccionais após o tratamento proposto em cinco dos seis estudos selecionados. CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que o tratamento fisioterapêutico parece ser efetivo para a redução dos sintomas miccionais em mulheres idosas com IU. No entanto, o pequeno número de estudos e a aplicação de técnicas em conjunto limita as conclusões sobre o tema.

Effects of physical therapy in older women with urinary incontinence: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence (UI) is one of the most common public health problems among older women. Despite conservative treatment being recommended as the first treatment option, the effects of physical therapy in older women with UI is unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically review the evidence about the effects of physical therapy on urinary symptoms in older women with UI. METHOD: The literature search for studies evaluating conservative treatment for incontinent in elderly women was conducted on Pubmed/Medline, Lilacs, Scielo, ISI Web of Knowledge and PEDro. We selected clinical trials published in English and Portuguese after the year 2000. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. The results were analyzed using a critical review method. RESULTS: Six studies were reviewed in full revealing that pelvic floor muscle training was the treatment option in most studies. Five of the six selected studies were classified as having high methodological quality. There was significant improvement in urinary symptoms after treatment in five of the six selected studies. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that physical therapy treatment seems to be effective to decrease urinary incontinence symptoms in older women. However, the small number of studies and the use of concurrent interventions limit the conclusions on this issue.

Individual and group pelvic floor muscle training versus no treatment in female stress urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) performed during group treatment sessions (GT) and individual treatment sessions (IT) to a control group (CG) of women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). HYPOTHESIS: The group treatment sessions would have better effects compared to individual treatment sessions. STUDY DESIGN: This randomized controlled pilot study included women aged over 18 years, who complained of urinary leakage on stress and who had not undergone physical therapy for SUI before. Forty-nine women were randomly allocated to the PFMT in group treatment session (GT) (n=17), PFMT in individual treatment session (IT) (n=17) and control group (CG) (n=15). The study was carried out in an outpatient physical therapy department in São Carlos, Brazil. Subjects on intervention groups were treated with the same PFMT protocol for 6 weeks, with two 1-h weekly sessions. The GT group carried out the PFMT in group treatment session and IT group in individual treatment session. The CG did not receive any treatment during the corresponding time. They were evaluated before and after treatment for primary outcome, urinary loss, and secondary outcomes, King's Health Questionnaire, pressure perineometry, pelvic floor muscle strength by digital palpation and subjective satisfaction. Participants, evaluator and the physical therapist were not blinded. Forty-five women completed the study and were included in the analysis. The statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon test for intragroup analysis and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test for intergroup analysis (p<0.05). RESULTS: In intragroup analysis, there was a significant reduction in urinary loss measured by pad test only in the IT group. For primary outcome, there was a significant difference only after treatment between GT and CG (p<0.0001; effect size -0.91; 95% confidence interval from 0.56 to 5.80) as well as between IT and CG (p<0.0001; effect size -0.90; 95% confidence interval from 0.54 to 5.84). There were differences after treatment in GT and IT groups for secondary outcomes: perineometry, muscle strength and in the domains of the quality of life questionnaire. For the CG group, there were not significant differences in any variables. In intergroup analysis for all variables, there were no differences between GT and IT groups. The two treated groups had similar subjective satisfaction (86%). There were no complaints of adverse effects due to treatment from either group. CONCLUSION: The results indicated similar improvement in clinical variables and in satisfaction with the treatment between IT and GT.